“三江并流”区垂直地带传统聚落选址特征及分异研究

Study on the Site Selection Characteristics and Differentiation of Traditional Settlements in the Vertical Zone of the“Three Parallel Rivers”Region

高山纵谷区受到严苛的自然条件限制,存在显著的水平和垂直空间异质性,对聚落分布与选址特征产生重要影响。文章在以往主要关注自然地理要素对聚落选址产生影响的基础上,引入表征人文环境的民族属性,以滇西北“三江并流”区德钦-维西段传统聚落为例,采用因子分析和聚类分析,对600余个自然村进行选址特征及其分异总结。结果表明:①海拔、地形、气候条件和民族属性对聚落选址具有显著影响;②根据聚类分析所得的四种聚落选址类型分别为高半山型干寒平坡单民族聚落、中半山型干温坡地民族聚落、河谷型干热小阶地单民族聚落以及复合型暖湿大阶地多民族聚落;③不同聚落形成了具有垂直和水平差异的景观格局以及不同民族适应地形、气候的聚落生计特点。文章进一步识别了高山纵谷地带聚落在垂直和水平维度的适应性规律,强调聚落在进行选址营建时充分融入自然与人文环境的适应性智慧,实现传统聚落的保护与可持续发展。

Due to natural conditions,the High Mountain and Longitudinal Valley areas have significant horizontal and vertical spatial heterogeneity,which have an important impact on the spatial distribution and selection of traditional settlements.In this study,based on the influence of natural geographic factors on the site selection of settlements,we introduced ethnic attributes that characterize the social and cultural environment.This study took the traditional settlements in the Deqin-Weixi section of the“Three Parallel Rivers”zone in northwestern Yunnan as an example,and summarised the characteristics of the selection of more than 600 natural villages and their differentiation by using factor analysis and cluster analysis.The results indicated that:1)altitude,topography and climate conditions,and ethnic characteristics had significant impacts on settlement selection;2)four types of site selection were derived from the cluster analysis:high mid-mountain type dry and cold flat slope monoethnic settlement,middle mid-mountain type dry and warm slope ethnic settlement,river valley type dry and hot small terrace mono-ethnic settlement,and composite warm and humid large terrace multi-ethnic settlement,respectively;3)different settlements have formed unique vertical and horizontal landscape patterns and adaptive livelihood characteristics to the terrain and climate.The study further identified the adaptive patterns of settlements in the vertical and horizontal dimensions in the High Mountains and Longitudinal Valley areas,emphasizing the adaptive intelligence that fully integrates the natural and cultural environment in the site selection and construction of settlements,aiming for the preservation and sustainable development of traditional settlements.