国际海峡通行制度综合法理分析

A Comprehensive Legal Analysis of Regimes of International Straits

作为全球海洋的关键节点,国际海峡既是我国冲出岛链封锁的必经之地,也是关系21世纪海上丝绸之路畅通与否的重要通道。依据《联合国海洋法公约》相关规定,第一,针对某些存在长期有效的专门公约的特定海峡,其通行制度予以保留,如土耳其海峡适用1936年《蒙特勒公约》、麦哲伦海峡适用智利与阿根廷1881年《边界条约》、丹麦海峡适用1857年《哥本哈根条约》;第二,在用于国际航行的非领海海峡,他国船舶、飞机有权在其中间的专属经济区或公海海域适用航行飞越自由,如宗谷海峡、津轻海峡、宫古海峡、巴士海峡等咽喉要道;第三,在用于国际航行的领海海峡,他国船舶、飞机有权在其领海海域适用过境通行制度,如吐噶喇海峡、马六甲海峡、曼德海峡、多佛尔海峡等咽喉要道;第四,在摩西拿例外海峡和死巷例外海峡,他国船舶、飞机有权适用不应予以停止的无害通过制度,如摩西拿海峡、卡尔玛海峡、蒂朗海峡、首港航道等咽喉要道。综上,他国船舶、飞机在相关海峡的相关海域的通行权的享有,依靠的是国际法规则,并非海峡沿岸国的恩惠,也非其他海权大国的好意施惠。我国船舶、飞机有权适用国际海峡上述四类通行制度沟通全球。同时国际社会应加强合作,保障国际海峡畅通,促进海运发展,增进人类福祉,共建海洋命运共同体。

As the key nodes of global oceans,international straits are not only the places for China to break through the island chain blockade,but also they are the pivotal channels that affect the smoothness of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road.The regimes of international straits have been stipulated by the relevant provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.First,the passage systems for special straits with long-standing international conventions are retained.For example,the system of Turkish Straits is stipulated by the 1936 Montreux Convention,the regime of the Strait of Magellan is stated clearly by the Boundary Treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina,and the manner of passing through Danish Straits is announced by the Copenhagen Treaty of 1857.Second,ships and aircraft of foreign countries can exercise the freedom of navigation and overflight to go through the routes of exclusive economic zones and high seas of straits used for international navigation such as Soya Strait,Tsugaru Strait,Miyako Strait and Bashi Channel.Third,these ships and aircraft can apply the regime of transit passage to pass through the territori-al seas of territorial straits used for international navigation like Tokara Strait,Strait of Malacca,Bab al-Mandab Strait and Strait of Dover.Fourth,in Messina-exception straits and dead-end-exception straits,the ships and aircraft have the right to apply the innocent passage system that should not be suspended,in-cluding the Strait of Messina,Kalmar Sund,Strait of Tiran and Head Harbour Passage.Therefore,the rights of passage enjoyed by the ships and aircraft in the relevant areas of the straits rely on the rules of in-ternational law while they do not depend upon the bounty of the States bordering the straits and the goodwill of other maritime powers.China’s ships and aircraft have the legal rights to apply the above-mentioned 4 types of traffic regimes of international straits to connect the world through the seas and oceans.At the same time,the international community should strengthen cooperation to ensure the smoothness of passing in the straits,promote the development of maritime transport,enhance human welfare and jointly build a maritime community with a shared future.