训练民众开会:孙中山民权初步思想实践研究(1928—1935年)

Training the Public to Attend Meetings:A Study on the Practice of Sun Yat-sen's Thought on Preliminary Civil Rights(1928-1935)

孙中山在《建国方略》中提出民权初步思想,主张训练民众开会以培养现代公民,进而实现“纠合群力”“发达民权”。借助学校和民众教育,南京国民政府以普及和演习议事规则为着力点,实践了民权初步思想。在学校,国民党注重传授学生系统的议事规则,训练其专业的议事技能。围绕选举权的行使,以识字为先导,国民党面向失学民众普及议事常识并训练其使用选举权。受观念束缚,受训后的民众议事能力与孙中山的设想仍有较大差距,这表明训练开会既要系统灌输议事规则,更要树立良好的会议氛围,以变迁议事观念,启蒙公民的权利、集体和规则意识。总结民权初步思想的实践教训对于新时代培养合格公民、发展社会主义民主政治具有一定鉴戒意义。

Sun Yat-sen proposed his thought on preliminary civil rights in The Scheme for Building A Country,advocating training the public to attend meetings to cultivate modern citizens so as to"consolidategroup power"and"develop civil rights".With the help of schools and public education,the Nanjing National Government put the thought on preliminary civil rights into practice with the focus on popularizing and practicing the rules of procedure.In schools,the Kuomintang emphasized teaching students systematic rules of procedure and training their professional procedural skills.As for the exercise of the right to vote,with literacy as the guide,the Kuomintang popularized procedural knowledge to the uneducated public and trained them to use the right to vote.Due to traditional ideas,there was still a large gap between the procedural ability of the trained public and Sun Yat-sen's expectations,which shows that training the public to attend meetings not only needs systematic procedural rules,but also needs a good atmosphere for meetings to change their ideas and to enlighten citizens'awareness of rights,collectivity and rules.Learning lessons from the practice of the thought on preliminary civil rights is of significance for cultivating qualified citizens and developing socialist democratic politics in the new era.