涉外不正当竞争冲突规范的区分式立法及我国的因应

Differentiated Legislation on the Conflict Rules for Foreign-related Unfair Competition and China's Countermeasures

为解决调整不正当竞争纠纷时存在的规制路径、规制范围、承担责任上的法律冲突,许多国家从适用一般侵权冲突规范转向为涉外不正当竞争纠纷单独制定以“市场地规则”为主的区分式冲突规范。虽然“市场地规则”具有内在合理性,但其在适用范围上排除“只影响特定竞争者利益”的情形,不符合不正当竞争实体法的内在逻辑,因此,在制定区分式冲突规范时应采用“能否确定市场地”的标准,即在能确定市场所在地时,适用“市场地规则”;反之,则适用以当事人协议选择的地点、更密切联系地、侵权行为地等为连结点的侵权冲突规范。我国也应当制定不正当竞争区分式冲突规范,但需要修正区分标准,并且在不能确定市场地时,适用以受害人营业机构所在地或当事人协议选择的地点作为连结点的侵权冲突规范。

In order to resolve the legal conflicts in regulatory paths,scope and liability in adjusting unfair competition disputes,it is shifted in many countries from applying general tort conflict rules to separately formulating differentiated conflict rules based on“market place rules”for foreign-related unfair competition disputes.Although there is inherent rationality in“market place rules”,their scope excludes those situations that only affect the interests of specific competitors,which does not conform to the inherent logic of unfair competition substantive law.Therefore,the standard of“whether the market place can be determined”should be used in formulating differentiated conflict rules,that is,when the market place can be determined,the“market place rules”shall apply;otherwise,the tort conflict rules that are connected by the location chosen by the parties in agreement,the place of closer contact,and the place of delict shall apply.In China,differentiated conflict rules shall be formulated for unfair competition,but it is necessary to revise the distinguishing standards and adopt conflict rules that use the seat of the victim's business institution or the location chosen by the parties through agreement as the connecting points when the market location cannot be determined.