恩格斯晚年对社会主义道路多样性的思考及其方法论创新

Engels'Reflection on the Diversity of Socialist Development Paths in His Old Age and Its Methodology Innovation

恩格斯晚年在总结社会主义发展的一般规律的同时,结合19世纪末欧美四国的基本国情,论述了四条体现特殊性的社会主义发展道路。针对德国跨越式发展而导致的政治领域的“历史错乱”,恩格斯提出充分利用议会斗争“新武器”的道路。针对英国社会平稳发展的情况,他提出为建立更加完善的民主制度而斗争的道路。针对美国由历史的断层而导致的资本主义快速发展与无产阶级不成熟的国情,他提出通过普遍性的党纲来组织全国性的无产阶级政党的道路。针对俄国脱离历史发展而导致的自身的落后与西方的先进并存的国情,他提出俄国革命与欧洲工人运动形成互补,利用土地公有制快速飞跃的道路。一个多世纪以前的理论对于今天的中国共产党和中国社会主义建设仍然具有重要的方法论意义。中国式现代化作为中国共产党在新时代中国特色社会主义事业的中心任务,必须实现科学社会主义理论与中国基本国情普遍性与特殊性、世界性与民族性的统一。

In his later years,Engels summarized the general laws of socialist development and combined them with the basic national conditions of the four typical countries in Europe and America at the end of the 19th century to construct four socialist development paths that reflect their uniqueness.In response to the"historical disorder"of political development caused by Germany's leapfrog development,Engels proposed the path of fully utilizing the"new weapons"of legal struggle.In response to the stable development of British society,Engels proposed a path of struggle to establish a more complete democratic system.In response to the rapid development of capitalism and the immaturity of the proletariat in the United States due to historical gaps,Engels proposed the path of organizing national proletarian political parties through a universal party platform.In response to the situation where Russia's backwardness and the advancement of the West coexist due to its departure from historical development,Engels proposed that the Russian Revolution complement the European workers'movement and utilize the path of rapid leap in land public ownership.The theory more than a century ago still has important methodological significance for today's CPC and China's socialist construction.As the central task of the CPC in the process of building socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era,Chinese path to modernization must achieve the unity of scientific socialism theory and the universality and particularity of China's basic national conditions,as well as the universality and nationality.