行政诉讼恢复效力判决的反思与修正

Reflection and Amendment of The Administrative Litigation Restoration Effectiveness Judgment

恢复效力判决由我国司法解释所创,但目前该判决类型尚无法对应我国《行政诉讼法》规定的既有判决方式。在司法解释中,恢复效力判决与责令重作复议决定判决被置于同一条款且二者的适用条件未被严格区分。当复议改变决定实质违法、达到可撤销程度且已消灭原行政行为的效力,同时满足原行政行为合法或虽违法但须保留效力的条件的,才有适用恢复效力判决的余地。作为积极形成类判决,恢复效力判决与尊重行政首次判断权原则存在某种冲突,但引入“裁量权缩减至零”作为隐含适用条件,可有效缓和上述紧张关系。尽管在法律规范层面,恢复效力判决已构成诉外裁判,但我国尚无禁止诉外裁判的原则性规定,且在具体条款中兼有隐含禁止或允许诉外裁判理念的实例。实质性化解行政争议、为原告提供更彻底的保护是此种判决方式被允许诉外裁判的正当性基础。未来应从以下方面对恢复效力判决进行修正:细化该判决与责令重作复议决定判决的区分适用情形、引入“裁量权缩减至零”的隐含条件、为人民法院增设通知受原行政行为不利影响的当事人作为第三人参加诉讼的义务。

The restoration effectiveness judgment is created by China’s judicial interpretation,and it cannot correspond to the existing form of judgment stipulated in China’s Administrative Litigation Law.In above judicial interpretation,the restoration effectiveness judgment and the remaking reconsideration decision judgement are placed in the same article,and the premise for their application is not strictly distinguished.When the reconsideration change decision is substantially unlawful,revocable and has extinguished the effect of the original administrative action,and at the same time satisfies the conditions that the original administrative action is lawful or illegal but must retain its validity,there is room for the application of the restorative effect judgment.As a positive formation judgment,the restoration effectiveness judgment is contrary to the principle of respecting the first judgment of the executive,but the introduction of“discretion is reduced to zero”as an implicit condition of application can effectively alleviate the above tense relationship.Although at the level of legal norms,the restoration effectiveness judgment has constituted an out-of-litigation judgment,there are no principled provisions prohibiting an out-of-litigation judgment in China,and there are examples of implicit prohibitions or permits of an out-of-litigation judgment in specific provisions.Substantively resolving administrative disputes and providing more thorough protection for plaintiffs are the basis for the legitimacy of this form of judgment to be allowed to make an out-of-litigation judgment.In the future,the restoration effectiveness judgment should be amended from the following aspects:refining respective applicable situations of the restoration effectiveness judgment and the remaking reconsideration decision judgement,introducing the implied condition of“discretion is reduced to zero”,and adding an obligation for the court to notify the party adversely affected by the original administrative action to participate in the litigation as a third party.