无信控交叉口驾驶人潜在危险感知能力评估

Assessment of Drivers'Potential Hazard Perception at Unsignalized Intersections

为量化无信控交叉口驾驶人潜在危险的感知能力,组织驾驶人实车驾驶试验,实时采集驾驶人眼动特征参数。解析熟练和非熟练驾驶人直行通过无信控交叉口模式下的扫视和注视规律,引入马尔科夫链模型,阐释驾驶人注视转移特性,揭示驾驶人视觉搜索与潜在危险感知特性的内在联系。结合熟练和非熟练驾驶人各映射指标下的统计学分析,萃取驾驶人潜在危险感知能力表征参数。基于灰色近优综合评价法,构建驾驶人在无信控交叉口场景下的潜在危险感知能力评估模型。研究表明:直行条件下,无信控交叉口下非熟练驾驶人的水平搜索广度、垂直搜索深度和扫视强度显著低于熟练驾驶人;相较于熟练驾驶人,非熟练驾驶人兼顾道路两侧信息的能力较弱,且注视概率的适时调配机制不够灵活;熟练驾驶人在无信控交叉口的潜在危险感知得分比非熟练驾驶人高31.2%;熟练驾驶人中,男性潜在危险感知能力明显强于女性,而性别对非熟练驾驶人感知绩效无显著影响。研究结果可丰富防御性驾驶相关理论体系,为无信控交叉口交通设施的优化和完善,驾驶人安全教育及评估等提供重要参考。

To quantify the potential hazard perception ability of drivers at unsignalized intersections,this paper conducted a real vehicle driving test to collect real-time parameters of drivers'eye-movement characteristics.The fixation and saccade law of skilled and unskilled drivers were analyzed when they drive straight through the unsignalized intersections.Based on the Markov chain model,the driver's fixation transfer characteristics were illuminated to reveal the internal relationship between drivers'visual characteristics and potential hazard perception characteristics.The characteristic parameters of drivers'potential hazard perception ability were extracted combining with the statistical analysis under each mapping index of skilled and unskilled drivers.Based on the gray near-optimal comprehensive evaluation method,this study evaluated driver's potential hazard perception ability at unsignalized intersections.The results show that when driving straight through the intersections,the horizontal search breadth,vertical search depth and saccade intensity of unskilled drivers are significantly lower than those of skilled drivers.The ability of unskilled drivers searching for information on both sides of the road is weaker than that of skilled drivers,and timely allocation mechanism of fixation probability is not flexible.Potential hazard perception score of skilled drivers at unsignalized intersection is 31.2%higher than that of unskilled drivers.Among skilled drivers,men's potential hazard perception ability is significantly higher than that of women,while gender has no significant effect on the perceived performance of unskilled drivers.The research results can enrich the theoretical system of defensive driving,and provide important reference for the optimization and improvement of traffic facilities at unsignalized intersections,as well as driver safety education and evaluation.