内蒙古不同地区蜱类鉴定及其空间分布

Identification and Spatial Distribution of Ticks in Different Regions of Inner Mongolia

为了解内蒙古自治区全境不同地点、不同植被中蜱的种类和分布,为该地区有效防控蜱及蜱传病原体提供科学依据。本调查采用拖旗法和人工采集法于2021—2023年蜱活跃期由东向西依次对内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔市新巴尔虎右旗、阿龙山镇、牙克石市和大杨树镇,兴安盟阿尔山市,赤峰市天山镇,锡林郭勒盟苏尼特右旗,鄂尔多斯市成川镇,巴彦淖尔市乌拉特前旗、乌拉特中旗、乌拉特后旗和磴口县共12个地区进行采样,运用形态学和分子生物学方法进行蜱种鉴定,并分析蜱分布的空间和生态环境特点。结果显示,共采集1719只游离蜱和3310只寄生蜱,经鉴定后隶属2科5属5种,分别是2933只(58.32%)硬蜱科的草原革蜱(Dermacentor nuttalli)、1719只(34.18%)全沟硬蜱(Ixodes persulcatus)、128只(2.55%)边缘璃眼蜱(Hyalomma marginatum)和229只(4.55%)嗜群血蜱(Haemaphysalis concinna)以及20只(0.40%)软蜱科的波斯锐缘蜱(Argas persicus)。聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增蜱的18S rRNA、16S rRNA和细胞色素C氧化酶亚基Ⅰ(COI)基因片段分别为756、420和557 bp,本调查的蜱种分别与GenBank中同种类一致性较高(均大于96.0%),且在同一进化分支上。森林生态系统与荒漠生态系统和农田生态系统均没有相似度,相似性系数为0;草地生态系统与农田生态系统中等相似,相似性系数为0.50;草地生态系统与森林生态系统中等不相似,相似性系数为0.33;荒漠生态系统与农田生态系统和草地生态系统中等不相似,相似性系数分别为0.33和0.25。结果表明,内蒙古地区的优势蜱种为草原革蜱,不同生态环境中蜱的种类和数量分布不同,蜱种分布具有地域差异性。

To understand the species and distribution of ticks in different locations and vegetation types in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,and to provide scientific basis for effective prevention and control of ticks and tick-borne pathogens in the region.The survey was conducted using drag flagging and manual collection methods from east to west during the tick active period from 2021 to 2023 in 12 areas of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,including Xibeierhu Youqi,Alunshan Town,Yakeshi City,and Dayangshu Town in Hulunbuir City;Arxan in Hinggan League;Tianshan Town in Chifeng City;Sunite Right Banner in Xilingol League;Chengchuan Town in Ordos City;Urad Front Banner, Ulat Middle Banner, Ulat Rear Banner, and Dengkou County inBayannur City. Tick species were identified using morphological and molecular biology methods, and the spatial and ecological characteristics of tick distribution were analyzed. The results showed that a total of 1 719 free-living ticks and 3 310 parasitic tickswere collected, belonging to 2 families, 5 genera, and 5 species, namely Dermacentor nuttalli (2 933 individuals, 58.32%), Ixodes persulcatus (1 719 individuals, 34.18%), Hyalomma marginatum (128 individuals, 2.55%), Haemaphysalis concinna (229 individuals, 4.55%), and Argas persicus (20 individuals, 0.40%). The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified segments of 18S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI) genes were 756 bp, 420 bp, and 557 bp, respectively, and the ticks identified in this survey showed high consistency with those in GenBank (all above 96.0%) and were on the same evolutionary branch. There was no similarity between forest ecosystems and desert ecosystems or farmland ecosystems, with similarity coefficients of 0;grassland ecosystems showed moderate similarity with farmland ecosystems (similarity coefficient of 0.50) and low similarity with forest ecosystems (similarity coefficient of 0.33);desert ecosystems showed low similarity with farmland ecosystems and grassland ecosystems (similarity coefficients of 0.33 and 0.25, respectively). The results indicate that the dominant tick species in Inner Mongolia are Dermacentor nuttalli , and the species and abundance of ticks vary in different ecological environments, showing regional differences in tick distribution.