近40余年中国生态补偿研究进展与实践探索综述

Research progress and practice exploration summary of eco-compensation in China over the past 40 years

生态补偿为生态系统服务提供者和受益者之间构建了一种公正有效的社会经济联系,日益成为调节社会经济发展与生态环境保护两者关系的重要政策工具,特别是改革开放后的近40余年,我国生态补偿在理论研究与实践探索两个层面取得较大进展。基于文献、资料梳理与分析可知,国内外生态补偿研究与实践特征在研究内容、补偿模式、融资方式、标准核定等方面存在显著差异。国内以生态补偿机制研究为重点,以流域生态补偿、生态补偿标准核算、生态补偿影响因素分析、生态补偿政策措施制定、生态补偿效益评估等为主要内容的理论研究丰富。实践层面,我国生态补偿政策制度探索大致经历了初始、形成、快速发展和全面推进四个阶段的纵深发展过程,总体上形成了以政府补偿为主、市场补偿为辅,独具“中国特色”的生态补偿实践体系与框架。区域生态补偿实践受到生态补偿政策顶层设计、区域社会经济发展水平、区域地理环境特征与生态资源禀赋、区域突出生态环境问题、区域外部社会环境、公众感知能力及参与度六大因素的协同影响,呈现横纵贯穿、内外结合结构下发挥约束—引导—需求—激励作用的四维生态补偿实践影响机制。未来有待进一步深化生态补偿机制研究,建立健全生态补偿管理体制及市场机制,推进区域协调发展与美丽中国建设。

Eco-compensation has become an important policy tool for regulating the relationship between socio-economic development and ecological protection,especially in the past 40 years since the reform and opening up.China has made great progress in both theoretical research and practical exploration of eco-compensation.Based on the literature and data review and analysis,it is clear that there are significant differences between domestic and foreign eco-compensation research and practice in terms of research content,compensation model,financing method and standard approval.Domestic research focuses on eco-compensation mechanism,and there are abundant theoretical studies on eco-compensation in watersheds,eco-compensation standard accounting,eco-compensation impact factor analysis,eco-compensation policy and measure formulation,and eco-compensation benefit evaluation.At the practical level,the exploration of eco-compensation policy system in China has roughly gone through four stages of deep development:initial,formation,rapid development and comprehensive promotion,and generally formed an eco-compensation practice system and framework with"Chinese characteristics"that is mainly government compensation and market compensation.Regional eco-compensation practice is influenced by the top-level design of eco-compensation policy,regional socio-economic development level,regional geographical and environmental characteristics and ecological resource endowment,regional prominent ecological and environmental problems,regional external social environment,and public perception and participation,presenting a four-dimensional eco-compensation practice influence mechanism of constraint-guidance-demand-incentive under a horizontal and vertical,combined internal and external structure.In the future,we need to further deepen the research on eco-compensation mechanism,establish a sound eco-compensation management system and market mechanism,and promote the coordinated development of the region and the construction of beautiful China.