论替代交易规则的适用要件

On the Application Element of Substitute Transaction Rules

《最高人民法院关于适用〈中华人民共和国民法典〉合同编通则若干问题的解释》第60条第2款明确将替代交易作为违约损害赔偿的优先计算方法予以规定,但该款并未规定替代交易规则的完整适用要件。替代交易规则有如下四个适用要件:非违约方已依法行使合同解除权、替代交易是原合同的替代、替代交易是合理的、替代交易的决定合乎善意。其中,合同解除是通常的适用要件,但基于既有的司法实践经验应设定明确的例外。替代性既可以表现为标的完全一致,在特别情形下也可以表现为标的不完全一致。合理性主要体现为价格合理性、时间合理性以及其他方式的合理性,其判断标准取决于市场语境和个案具体情形。善意包含了主观判断标准和客观判断标准。此外,为了合理分配交易风险和遏制投机行为,恰当的举证责任分配及其内容设计仍须更加精细。

As a formula for calculating damages for breach of contract,substitute transaction rule is clearly stipulated in Article 60(2)of Interpretation of the Supreme People's Court on the General Provisions of the Contract Part of the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China,but the complete applicable elements are not specified in this article.There are four applicable elements of substitute transactions:the nonbreaching party has exercised the right to discharge the contract according to law,the substitute transaction is a replacement of the original contract,the substitute transaction is reasonable,and the decision to replace the transaction is made in good faith.Discharge of a contract is a common applicable element,but an explicit exception should be made based on established experience and practice.Substitutability could be shown either as being exactly the same as the subject or as not being exactly the same as the subject under a particular part.Reasonableness is mainly reflected in price reasonableness,time reasonableness and other ways reasonableness,and the judgment standard depends on the market context and the case circumstances.Good faith includes subjective criteria and objective criteria.In order to allocate trading risk and curb speculative acts,the proper distribution of burden of proof and its content design still need to be more refined.