军政关系视角下美国与东南亚国家的安全合作--基于美泰、美菲安全合作的比较研究

U.S.Security Cooperation with Southeast Asian Countries from the Perspective of Military-Civil Relationships——A Comparative Study of U.S.-Thai and U.S.-Philippine Security Cooperation

当前,美国在对华竞争的大战略背景下,加大对东南亚地区的战略资源投入,推动东南亚地区安全结构持续发生深刻变化。美国与东南亚国家的安全合作具有内部差异性,虽同为美国的盟国,但泰国和菲律宾与美安全合作却呈现不同的发展态势。本文通过军政关系的视角,探讨国家内部军人集团与文官集团形成的不同关系模式及其对各国外交政策的影响。在泰国,军人集团与文官集团形成竞争性关系模式,军人集团的战略注意力集中于国内威胁,使得国家的外交政策具有内视性,从而与美国的大国竞争战略拉开距离,美泰安全合作发展缓慢。而在菲律宾,军人集团与文官集团形成了合作性关系模式,在“主观文官控制”下的政治交易基础上,军人集团上层追随总统的外交政策以表达政治支持、换取利益回报,加剧了不同总统之间对美安全合作的摇摆,而军人集团下层基于与美国的历史制度性联系,在实践层面起到了一定的制约作用,使得菲对美安全合作在摇摆中又呈现不断深化向前的整体趋势。军人集团以及不同军政关系不仅影响美对华竞争战略在不同东南亚国家展开的进程,也给东南亚国家的政治发展带来复杂的影响,对中国外交以及地区和平带来了新的挑战和课题。

The United States,against the strategic background of competition with China,has increased the investment of strategic resources in Southeast Asia.Thus,the security structure of Southeast Asia has been undergoing profound changes.The security cooperation between the U.S.and Southeast Asian countries is internally differentiated.Although Thailand and the Philippines are both allies of the U.S.,their security cooperation with the U.S.has shown different development trends.Through the lens of military-civil(M-C)relationship,this article examines the different patterns of M-C relations within countries and their impact on the foreign policies of each country.In Thailand,the M-C relationship is close to a competitive pattern,and the strategic allention of the military group is given to domestic threats?which makes the country's foreign policy inward-looking,thus distancing itself from the U.S.strategy of great power competition,and slowing down the development of U.S.-Thai security cooperation.In the Philippines,on the other hand,the military bloc and the civilian bloc have formed a cooperative relationship.Based on the political bargaining under"subjective civilian control",the upper echelons of the military bloc follow the president's foreign policy in exchange for benefits,which exacerbates the swing of the U.S.-Philippine security cooperation among different presidents.The lower echelons of the military bloc,based on their historical institutional ties with the U.S.,have a more favorable attitude toward the U.S,which have played a restraining role at the practical level,making the Philippine security cooperation with the U.S.maintain an overall trend of deepening and forward moving during the swing process.The military blocs and the different modes of M-C relationships not only affect the process of the U.S.competitive strategy against China in different Southeast Asian countries,but also bring complex impacts on Southeast Asian states'domestic politics,and new challenges and issues to China's diplomacy as well as regional peace.