欧洲文明新形态及其家具风格的演变

A New Form of European Civilization and Its Furniture Style Evolution

对人类文明最大的礼敬就是创造人类文明新形态。罗马帝国灭亡前后,被罗马人称之为的蛮族—日耳曼部族逐渐接受了罗马文明的教化,皈依了基督教,公元800年的神圣罗马帝国把欧洲文明的3个主要成分即日耳曼部族、古典传统和基督教,融为一体,自此进入到新的欧洲文明。与此同时,作为物质文明之一的家具,它的风格也出现了不断演变,中世纪早期从仿罗马式到哥特式,进入文艺复兴时期,又产生了新的家具类型,形成了一种新的“罗马”古典主义,较后又受到伊斯兰“阿拉伯式”的影响,产生了一种“反古典”式家具,在欧洲普遍流行,一直持续到16世纪;17世纪两个主要的家具风格是意大利的巴洛克风格和“路易十四”的法国古典巴洛克风格;17世纪末,它们都屈从于一种新的更深刻的“反古典派”—洛可可风格,对西方家具来说,一种新的元素—不对称性被引进来了;18世纪后期,新古典主义兴起,古典家具的形式在文艺复兴时期的重新展现又发生了,并且传播开来。它们展示了一幅跌宕起伏、波澜壮阔的生动画卷,从物质文明的维度上,与制度文明和精神文明交相辉映。

The homage for the human civilization is to create a new form.During the passing of the Roman world,the barbarian called by Romanes-Germanic tribes were gradually educated by the Roman civilization and their descendent converted to faith to Christianity.The coronation of Charlemagne,as Roman emperor in 800 symbolized the fusion of the three chief components of the new European civilization:the Germanic tribes,the classical tradition,and Christianity.From then on,Europe entered the new civilization.At the same time,furniture as the one of material civilization,its styles were continuously evaluated.In the early Middle Ages,the Romanesque was appeared and then transformed to Gothic style.The Renaissance produced a new style of art,architecture and interior decoration based upon antique Roman art and artefacts.Fifteenth century‘antique'furniture was not copied from ancient furniture but concocted from ancient sources by a‘cut-and-paste'method.It exerted a powerful influence on High Renaissance architecture and art;combined with Islamic‘arabesque'or‘moresque'ornament,grotesque gave rise to a new form of‘anti-classical'furniture that during sixteenth century spread all over Europe.The two great furniture styles of seventeenth century were Italian baroque and‘Louis XIV'(French classical-baroque);France's classical-baroque compromise succumbed at the end of the century to a new and deeply‘anti-classical'style-Rococo,born of a marriage between grotesque and arabesque.An element new to Western furniture-asymmetry-was introduced.And at the eighteenth century,neo-classical furniture was emerged.These new neo-classical style were accompanied and succeed by ‘archaeological'neo-classicism,in the course of which the Renaissance re-enactment of antique furniture forms was re-played and extended.In one word,all of them showed a moving paint scroll with ups and downs on a magnificent,which enhanced each other's beauty of institution civilization and spirit civilization from the dimension of material civilization.