论生物安全风险刑法规制之保护法益

On the Protection and Legal Benefits of Biosafety Risk Punishment Regulations

风险视域下《中华人民共和国刑法修正案(十一)》针对部分生物安全犯罪行为进行了回应,扩大了刑法对生物安全的保护范围。然而,刑事立法将生物安全犯罪的主要保护法益归结为传统公共卫生法益并不合适。传统公共卫生法益的“低政治”技术指标属性和“人类中心主义”规范视角导致刑法在规制生物安全风险方面存在位阶失衡、射程失准和功能失范的问题。法益理论的落后带来的是罪与非罪、此罪与彼罪的混乱。因此生物安全的法益认定应坚持积极预防主义,积极预防主义具有正当性、可操作性、协调性。同时基于法益保护早期化、抽象化的积极预防主义理念,在法益内涵上应当确立生物安全法益乃是一种新型复合法益,不仅包括通常的生命、健康法益,还包括集防范自然生物风险的生物安保价值和防范人为生物风险的生物防御价值于一体的“总体国家安全”以及包括人之自主性、目的性、平等性的“人类尊严”等抽象法益。

From the perspective of risk,the Amendment(XI)to the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China responds to some biosafety crimes,and expands the scope of the protection of the criminal law on biosecu-rity.However,it is not appropriate for criminal legislation to attribute the main protection of legal interests of bios-ecurity crimes to the legal interests of traditional public health.The"low politics"technical index attribute and"anthropocentrism"normative perspective of traditional public health legal interests lead to the imbalance of rank,range accuracy and functional anomie in criminal law regulation of biosafety risks.The"low politics"technical index attribute and"anthropocentrism"normative perspective of traditional public health legal interests lead to the imbalance of rank,range inaccuracy and functional anomie in criminal law regulation of biosafety risks.The back-wardness of the legal interest theory brings about the confusion of guilt and innocence,one crime and another.Therefore,the identification of legal interests of biosafety should adhere to active preventive doctrine,which is le-gitimate,operable and coordinated.At the same time,based on the early and abstract quality of active preventive doctrine of legal protection,the legal interests of biological security is a new compound legal interests,including not only the legal interests of usual life and health,but also overall national security which includes natural biologi-cal risk of biological security value and biological defense value of human biological risk and other abstract legal in-terests of autonomy,purpose,equality of"human dignity".