法定犯时代的刑法解释——兼论法秩序统一原则与刑法独立性

Interpretation of Criminal Law in the Era of Legal Crime:Also Discussing the Principle of Unity of Legal Order and the Independence of Criminal Law

中国刑法已经进入法定犯时代。法定犯是指同时具有行政违法性和刑事违法性,且构成要件必须依托行政法规具体规范内容进行判断的犯罪。法秩序统一原则要求法定犯构成要件要素解释必须与行政法规在基本精神和终极价值上协调一致、互不冲突;刑法独立性要求法定犯的构成要件要素保持相对独立的解释立场。法定犯的双重违法属性要求,在解释构成要件时,首先必须对不法类型进行同质性审查。不法类型绝对同质性情形下,行政法规规制目的排斥对法定犯构成要件要素进行文义解释的,刑法应进行限制解释;在超法规的角度,当行政归责属于立法拟制或推定的积极归责时,要防止以“仅有量的区别”为判断标准,直接将行政责任以作为法定犯认定的根据。

China's criminal law has ushered in the era of mala prohibita.Mala prohibita refers to a crime that has administrative illegality and criminal illegality at the same time,and the constituent elements must be judged by the specific normative contents of administrative regulations.The principle of unity of legal order requires that the interpretation of the constituent elements of mala prohibita must be coordinated and inconsistent with the basic spirit and ultimate value of administrative regulations.The independence of criminal law requires that the constituent ele-ments of mala prohibita should maintain a relatively independent position of interpretation.The dual illegal attribute of mala prohibita requires that when interpreting the constituent elements,the homogeneity of the illegal type must be examined first.In the case of absolute homogeneity of illegal types,the criminal law shall restrict the interpreta-tion;from the perspective of super regulations,when the administrative liability belongs to the legislative formula-tion or presumption,the"quantity difference"as the judgment criterion should directly take the administrative lia-bility as the basis for the identification of the legal offence.