从文化天下主义到文化国际主义:中国古代国际关系理论嬗变的一种考察

A Survey of the Evolution of International Relations Theory in Ancient China:From the Cultural Tianxia Doctrine to Cultural Internationalism

中国古代天下主义主要是由文化来定义,与中国古代国际关系理论相互建构、相互作用。文化天下主义的原型是春秋战国儒家关于大同世界的想象以及对于周王朝礼治天下传统的回忆。文化天下主义是理想性、实践性和历史性的统一。它必然随着中国与世界关系、外交实践、外交制度等因素变化而变化。它大致经历了四个时期,即系统化时期(秦汉)、黄金时代(隋唐)、转型时期(宋明)以及终结时期(清至近代)。宋代之后文化天下主义由盛而衰,日益突出国家观念、平等意识和国际思维,走向文化民族主义和文化开放主义。文化国际主义在世界上强调文化自信,主张国际间文化开放与文化合作,在中国又是马克思主义国际主义激活中国传统文化的重要结果之一。在新时代,天下主义不宜直接应用于构建人类命运共同体的文化基础,但其和合、和平、包容等“合理内核”可以借鉴。我们要摒弃华夏中心主义等落后观念,吸纳“协和万邦”等“优秀因子”,以和合、包容的态度落实全球文明倡议,建设国际关系理论中国学派。

In ancient China,the Tianxia doctrine was generally defined by culture,which interplayed with China's international relations theory at that time.The cultural Tianxia doctrine derived from the Confucian primary conception of the World of Great Harmony as well as the nostalgia of the tradition of the rule of propriety by Zhou Dynasty in the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States Periods.Characterized by the unity of ideality,practicability and historicity,the cultural Tianxia doctrine had inevitably varied with changes of relationships between China and the world,diplomatic practice and diplomatic systems.Basically,the cultural Tianxia doctrine had gone through four periods,namely,the systematization period(Qin and Han Dynasties),golden period(Sui and Tang Dynasties),transformation period(Song and Ming Dynasties)and closing period(from Qing Dynasty to the modern time).Since the Song Dynasty,particularly after the late Qing Dynasty,the cultural Tianxia doctrine had passed its zenith and been on the wane,its ideality gradually turning to practicability.The cultural Tianxia doctrine had increasingly attached more importance to the notion of nation state,sense of sovereign equality as well as international mindset,thus transforming itself to cultural nationalism and cultural openness.The author prefers cultural internationalism rather than New Cosmopolitanism as well as New Tianxia Doctrine.Cultural internationalism stresses confidence in culture,arguing for cultural openness and cultural cooperation between countries.In China,cultural internationalism is also one of important results of the Chinese traditional culture activated by Marxist internationalism.In the new era,the new Tianxia doctrine is not proper to serve directly as the cultural basis for the construction of a global community with a shared future,however,its reasonable core concepts,such as harmony,peace,and inclusiveness,can be learned from,while its backward concepts should be forsaken.In the process of building a global community with a shared future,Chinese scholar should promote interactions and exchanges between Chinese and foreign cultures,and strive to implement the Global Civilization Initiative.