社会水循环碳排放综合测算模型——以黄河流域为例

Integrated carbon emission measurement model for the social water cycle:Taking the Yellow River Basin as an example

社会水循环是能源消耗和碳排放的密集区,深入研究其各个环节的能耗和碳排放空间分布及强度特征对实现双碳目标至关重要。该研究基于生命周期评价方法,构建社会水循环碳核算体系及碳排放综合测算模型,以黄河流域66个地市(州)为例,估算社会水循环全生命周期能源消耗和碳排放。研究发现:2017年黄河流域下游地区的单位面积碳排放量最大,约是上游地区的7.4倍;在取水、供水、用水、排水四大环节中,用水环节碳排放量最大,其中居民生活用水的碳排放量最大,占用水环节碳排放的59.7%,占社会水循环总碳排放的54.7%,是社会水循环碳减排的重点环节;黄河流域社会水循环各环节碳排放强度依次为:用水>排水>供水>取水。针对碳减排重点区域和环节,提出了社会水循环节能降碳的建议。

[Objective]As the global community moves toward carbon peak and carbon neutrality targets,the issue of carbon emissions related to water resources has emerged as a significant area of research.The social water cycle,characterized by intensive energy consumption and carbon emission,plays a pivotal role in this context.Factors such as water-related energy usage and efficiency directly affect the economy and carbon emissions of a society.Consequently,reducing carbon emissions during the social water cycle process has become a vital strategy in curbing greenhouse gas emissions.Therefore,it is crucial to accurately assess the energy consumption and carbon emissions throughout the entire social water cycle process and thoroughly understand the spatial distribution and intensity characteristics of energy consumption and carbon emissions at each stage.This study aims to identify key factors for energy saving and emission reduction within the social water cycle.[Methods]Using the life cycle assessment method,we first constructed a life cycle carbon accounting system for the social water cycle system,including four major segments:water withdrawal,supply,use,and drainage.We then established a comprehensive measurement model for social water cycle carbon emissions based on a distributed geographic model.Using the Yellow River Basin as an example,we calculated the energy consumption and carbon emissions of the social water cycle over the entire life cycle of the basin in 2017 and studied their spatial distribution characteristics.This provided a simulation method and scientific basis for establishing a more sustainable,low-carbon social water cycle.[Results]Our findings revealed that in 2017,the downstream area of the Yellow River Basin had the highest amount of carbon emissions per unit area,i.e.,approximately 7.4 times higher than that in the upstream area.Among the four major segments,the water use segment had the highest amount of carbon emissions.In particular,residential water use accounted for 59.7%of the carbon emissions from the water use segment and 54.7%of the total carbon emissions from the social water cycle.This identifies it as a key segment for carbon emission reduction within the social water cycle.In terms of carbon emission intensity in each segment of the social water cycle in the Yellow River Basin,the order was:water use>drainage>water supply>water withdrawal.[Conclusions]The Yellow River Basin exhibits significant differences in carbon emissions between its upstream and downstream regions.Moreover,the intensity of carbon emissions varies greatly across different segments of the water cycle.In light of these findings,we propose several strategies for energy conservation and carbon reduction in key areas and segments of the social water cycle.First,water supply and drainage systems should be improved,and the energy efficiency of water supply and sewage treatment should be enhanced.Second,the development and utilization of clean energy sources,such as solar energy and wind energy,should be prioritized.Finally,in the industrial sector,the circulating cooling water system should be optimized,and water recycling systems should be implemented;in the residential sector,the promotion of water-saving and energy-saving appliances is recommended to improve the comprehensive efficiency of water and energy in domestic water use segments.