唐代德政碑刻制度源流考

Emergence and Change of the Benevolent Government Monuments System in the Tang Dynasty

德政碑刻制度的產生與演變反映了中國古代王朝國家與民間社會的多級互動。東漢末,立碑由民間社會主導。曹魏、西晉試圖以制度禁碑,均未成功。裴松之提出“朝議立碑”,進而演變成梁、陳的“奏請立碑”,北齊、北周亦有借鎰,這使得“自由立碑”奥“禁碑”之間達成了平衡。唐承前制,多有創設,奏請程式更馬完善。德政碑刻作馬民間社會的發聲渠道,被正式納入國家制度體系。安史亂後,唐廷并未放棄對德政碑刻的控制。寶應年間,德政碑文須上報考功,此後德政碑文格外注重描述“奏請”過程,這是應對考功司審查的辦法。唐代德政立碑制度承前啓後,因時而變,顯示出極强的韌性和張力,對後世影響深遠。

The emergence andevolutionofbenevolent government monuments systems reflected interaction between the imperial state and the society in ancient China.At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty,society controlled benevolent government monuments.Cao Wei and the Western Jin tried to ban the monuments,but failed.Pei Songzhi(裴松之)put forward the system of“discussion in the imperial court”,which evolved into the system of“petition for benevolent government monuments”in Liang and Chen.The Northern Qi and Northern Zhou also learned it,which made the balance between“freedom”and“prohibition”.The Tang Dynasty inherited the systems of the previous dynasties and there were more system creations.As a voice channel of civil society,benevolent government monuments incorporated into the national system.After AnShi rebellion,Tang did not give up the control of benevolent government monuments.Since emperor of Tang Dai Zong(唐代宗),monuments writers paid special attention to describing the process of petition,which was the way for them to deal with the examination of Kaogongsi(考功司),because the inscriptions must be reported to Kaogong since Baoying(寶應)years.Therefore,Tang's system was a succession of the past and the future,changing with times,showing strong toughness and tension,which had a farreaching influence on later generations.