生态系统服务利益相关者界定:基于实践理论视角的分析框架

Stakeholder definition of ecosystem services:An analytical framework based on a practicaltheoretical perspective

生态系统服务尺度与人类治理尺度错配是造成生态系统服务退化的原因之一,界定生态系统服务利益相关者是认识与解决该问题的首要环节。基于布迪厄实践理论视角,提出生态系统服务利益相关者界定分析框架与身份变动机制,并为利益相关者理论应用与发展提供来自生态系统服务领域的实践尝试和研究思路。研究认为:利益相关者是生态系统服务反馈机制中重要社会属性变量,且存在于层次性空间结构中,呈现出竞争性动态平衡和差异性权重位次等特殊属性,是生态系统服务管理目标达成的惠益对象。利益相关者理论演化与类型划分标准为探讨生态系统服务利益相关者界定带来助益,但存在适配性差异。引入布迪厄实践理论,这一体现综合性、关系性、模糊性、生成性和再生产性的独特研究视角,能够为生态系统服务利益相关者界定提供由场域、惯习、资本等核心概念构成的分析框架,并为阐释其身份变动机制提供思路;同时,为回应利益相关者理论融合规范主义“价值”与实证主义“事实”的发展定位和趋势,拓展其理论解释边界带来生态系统服务领域的实践尝试。围绕该分析框架,就制度设计,从政治、经济、社会、文化场域提出进一步研究方向,探索建立从利益相关者界定出发到规制生态系统服务尺度与人类治理尺度错配的制度体系。

The mismatch between ecosystem service scale and human governance scale is oneof the causes of ecosystem service degradation.Defining ecosystem service stakeholders is thefirst step to understand and solve this problem.This study introduces Bourdieu's practical theo‐ry perspective,proposes an analytical framework for the definition and identity change mecha‐nism of ecosystem service stakeholders,and provides practical attempts and research ideasfrom the field of ecosystem services for the application and development of stakeholder theory.The research shows that stakeholders are important social attribute variables in the ecosystemservice feedback mechanism,and exist in the hierarchical spatial structure,showing special at‐tributes such as competitive dynamic balance and differential weight rank,and are benefit ob‐jects for achieving the goals of ecosystem service management.The evolution of stakeholdertheory and the classification criteria of stakeholder types are helpful for the discussion of stake‐holder definition of ecosystem services,but there are some differences in adaptation.The intro‐duction of Bourdieu's practice theory,which embodies the unique research perspective of com‐prehensiveness,relationship,fuzziness,generation and reproduction,can provide an analyticalframework composed of core concepts such as field,habitus and capital for the definition ofecosystem service stakeholders.It also provides a way to explain the mechanism of identitychange.At the same time,in response to the development orientation and trend of the integra‐tion of regularist"value"and positivist"fact"of stakeholder theory,it expands its theoretical in‐terpretation boundary and brings practical attempts in the field of ecosystem services.Based onthis analysis framework,the paper proposes further research directions for institutional designfrom the political,economic,social and cultural fields,and tries to explore the establishment ofan institutional system that starts from stakeholder definition to regulating the mismatch be‐tween ecosystem service scale and human governance scale.