20世纪八九十年代美国州级政府滨海土地管制诉讼案之缘起——以1992年卢卡斯案为中心

The origin of the coastal land control litigation at the state level in the United States in the 1980s and 1990s:Centered on the 1992 Lucas case

20世纪八九十年代,联邦最高法院审理的以1992年卢卡斯案为典型代表的一系列美国州级政府滨海土地管制诉讼案从多个维度对美国社会产生了广泛影响,其缘起亦错综复杂。现代环保运动的蓬勃发展及滨海区自然生态系统惨遭破坏的现状使州政府必须对无序开发滨海土地的行为施以管制;但政府征收权边界的划定及适用却赋予了财产所有者上诉索赔的法律依据;再加之既有管制性征收标准的复杂性为诉讼双方同时提供利己的先例。因此,当州政府管制无序开发行为的坚定决心与财产所有者保护私有土地的强烈态度在特定时空发生不可避免的碰撞时,必然引发一系列美国州级政府滨海土地管制的诉讼案。

In the 1980s and 1990s,the Supreme Court of the United States heard a series of state-level coastal land control litigation cases,taking the Lucas case in 1992 as a typical representation,which had a wide impact on the American society from multiple dimensions,and its origin was also complicated.The vigorous development of the modern environmental movement and the destruction of the natural ecosystem in the coastal area make the state government have to control the disorderly development of coastal land.But the demarcation and application of the boundary of the government expropriation power gives the property owner the legal basis to appeal the claim.In addition,the complexity of the existing regulatory collection standards provides both parties with self-interested precedents.Therefore,when the firm determination of the state government to control disorderly development and the strong attitude of property owners to protect private land inevitably collide in a specific time and space,it will inevitably lead to a series of litigation cases on coastal land control of the US state government.