信托制度在老龄社会运用的日本经验与启示——以民事信托产品的开发为重点

Japan's Experience and Enlightenment in the Application of Trust System in an Aging Society:Focusing on the Development of Civil Trust Products

人口老龄化问题深刻地影响着日本社会的经济发展和法律制度的构建。信托具备的独特转换功能契合日本老龄社会的财产管理需求,其被有效运用在家族财富的代际传承、家族经营事业的有序交接以及防范中老年人士免受财产欺诈与不当侵吞等方面。伴随日本信托法条文的日臻完善,信托银行对类遗嘱信托在实践中的推行、协调信托与成年监护制度的并用、利用信托财产管理与传承功能的搭配,促进了信托产品种类的拓展与信托业务的民事信托化,推动了信托制度在日本老龄社会的活用。在对日本既有经验的整合和取舍上,我国需进一步完善信托与遗嘱、监护等既有民事制度的有机衔接;信托业务的转型不应操之过急,服务信托的类型深化应为消极信托的适用保留空间;同时破除受托人唯信托公司的垄断思维并拓宽个人信托的利用。

The problem of population aging profoundly affects the economic development of Japanese society and the construction of legal system.The unique conversion function of trust is in line with the property management needs of Japan's aging society,and it is effectively used in the intergenerational inheritance of family wealth,the orderly handover of family business,and the prevention of property fraud and improper embezzlement of middle-aged and elderly people.With the gradual improvement of the provisions of the Japanese trust law,the implementation of testator trusts by trust banks in practice,the coordination of the use of trust and adult guardianship system,and the use of the combination of trust property management and inheritance functions have promoted the expansion of trust product types and the civil trust of trust business,and promoted the active use of trust system in Japan's aging society.In the integration and rejection of Japan's existing experience,our country should further improve the organic connection between trust,will,guardianship and other existing civil systems.The transformation of trust business should not be rushed,and the deepening of the type of service trust should preserve space for the application of negative trust.At the same time,it breaks the monopoly thinking of trust company and broadens the use of individual trust.