马克思对自然法学的超越——兼评汉斯·凯尔森对马克思法哲学的误读

Marx's Transcendence of Natural Jurisprudence-And a Review of Hans Kelsen's Misreading of Marx's Philosophy of Law

自然法学是西方法哲学的主脉,许多国外学者在考察马克思的法哲学时也将其划归自然法学派。但事实上,马克思法哲学同自然法学在每一个理论环节都存在着根本性的差异。一方面,自然法作为预先悬设的理想之物是哲学理念论在政治法律领域的具体呈现;与之相反,马克思以感性的物质生产活动解构了自然法的哲学本体论,将法律从正义理念的抽象统治中解放出来,最终立基于实践的社会关系。另一方面,自然法与实定法的二重架构是一种典型的法的形而上学;与之相反,马克思发掘了法在感性世界中的本质内容即阶级利益,最终用法的“非形而上学”超越了自然法学。将马克思视为自然法学派的支流,不仅是理论上的谬误,而且遮蔽了马克思法哲学之于传统西方法哲学的超越性与革命性。

Natural jurisprudence is the main vein of Western philosophy of law,and many foreign scholars also classify Marx's philosophy of law under the natural law school when they examine it.But the fact is that Marx's philosophy of law differs fundamentally from natural jurisprudence in every theoretical respect.On the one hand,natural law as a presupposed ideal is the concrete expression of philosophical conceptualism in the political-legal sphere.In contrast,Marx deconstructed the philosophical ontology of natural law in terms of sensuous material productive activity,liberating law from the abstract domination of the idea of justice and ultimately grounding it in practical social relations.On the other hand,the dual structure of natural law and positive law is a typical metaphysics of law;on the contrary,Marx discovered the essential content of law in the world of sensibility,namely,the class interest,and finally transcended natural jurisprudence with the"non-metaphysics"of law.