先秦时期编年体史书的起源

The Origin of Historical Chronicles in the Pre-Qin Period

夏、商、西周时期,断代编年体史书以古本《竹书纪年》夏纪、商纪、周纪为代表,纪年形式以王纪年,记时形式为年而不载日月,记录对象以本国为中心;秦国《秦记》延续了这些特征。春秋战国时期,以晋、鲁、魏国为代表的编年体史书出现新变化:记时形式为年、时、月、日相系;记录对象广及诸国;多种类别的编年体史书出现,如古本《竹书纪年》由一系列断代史组成通史,《左传》则合记事、记言于一体。先秦时期编年体史料的记录与编年体史书的编纂体现了丰富的史学思想,集中表现在正统观、宗法意识、实录直书等方面。

During the Xia,Shang,and Western Zhou dynasties,historical chronicles,as represented by the Ancient Bamboo Annals,including the Xia,Shang,and Zhou annals,were prevalent.Their chronological style was based on the year of the King's reign,using the year,without day and month,as the chronological unit,and the state as the object of recording;likewise the characteristics perpetuated in the Qin state's Qinji.During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods,changes were made to such chronicles,as represented by those of the states of Jin,Lu,and Wei:the records of time changed to include the year,season,month and day,a wider range of objects across various states were included,and historical chronicles of various types emerged,such as the Ancient Bamboo Annals which consists of a series of chronicles forming a general history,and the Zuo Zhuan which combines recording of events and words.The compilation of historical chronicles and chronological histories during the pre-Qin period have reflected rich historical ideas,mainly manifested in orthodox views,patriarchal consciousness,factual recording and truthful setting down of facts.