我国设施生态农业主要模式及配套技术的研究与实践

Research and practice on the main models and supporting technologies of ecological greenhouse agriculture in China

设施生态农业是指在设施种植和设施养殖中采用清洁、绿色、健康生产方式,以提高资源利用效率、农产品产量与质量、环境效益为目标的生态农业模式。2002年农业部重点推广的设施生态农业模式主要有两大类:一类是种养沼三结合的“四位一体”生态模式,从最初以农户为单位的单体日光温室到以村庄为单位的种养结合生态温室群模式,拓展到在一个大区域内将大型猪场的粪污进行工业化沼气并网发电,沼液通过管道输送到农田来减少化肥施用和改良土壤的宏观生态农业模式,相关的结构配置、配套的种养殖技术和装备也在不断研发和提升中。另一类是采用综合性生态农业技术的设施生态农业模式,包括:采用各类立体/垂直栽培技术提高土地资源利用率;通过各种轮作栽培技术减少设施蔬菜土壤连作障碍和降低农药使用量;采用土壤健康栽培技术,通过有机肥的合理施用改善土壤性状;采用有机基质栽培技术,用农林废弃物发酵后的物料作为栽培基质为作物提供养分;采用覆盖防虫网、色板诱杀、灯光诱杀、高温封棚、蒸气消毒、有色膜覆盖土壤、天敌昆虫生物防治等病虫草害生态防治技术来减少有害生物发生。期望通过相关配套装备技术的进一步研发提高设施生态农业的信息化、自动化水平,实现设施农业的可持续发展。

Ecological greenhouse agriculture refers to an ecological farming model that utilizes clean,green,and healthy production methods for greenhouse planting and breeding.Its goal is to improve resource use efficiency,enhance agricultural product yield and quality,and promote environmental benefits.In China,there are two primary categories of ecological greenhouse agriculture(key promotion by the Ministry of Agriculture in 2002).The first category is the“four-in-one”ecological model combining crop planting,animal breeding,and biogas production within a greenhouse.It has evolved from individual family greenhouse facilities to village-based ecological greenhouse clusters,and then to industrialized biogas production from large-scale piggery,where pig manure is converted into biogas and integrated into the power grid.Biogas slurry is transported through pipelines to farmland,reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and improving soil quality.The system structure configuration,supporting technologies and equipments for planting and breeding are continuously being developed and improved.The second category is the ecological greenhouse agriculture model that adopts comprehensive ecological agricultural technologies.These technologies include various types of vertical and three-dimensional cultivation methods to increase land resource use efficiency,rotational cultivation technologies to reduce continuous cropping obstacles and pesticide usage in greenhouse vegetable production,healthy cultivation technologies involving the proper application of organic fertilizers to improve soil properties or the use of fermented agricultural and forestry wastes as organic substrate to provide nutrients to crops,ecological control technologies to reduce the occurrence of diseases,pests and weeds,such as insect-proof net covering,color board and light trap-killing,high-temperature sealing,steam disinfection,colored film covering soils,and biological control of natural enemy insects.It is expected that,through further research on related supporting equipments and technologies,the informatization and automation levels of ecological greenhouse agriculture can be improved,and thereby the sustainable development goal of greenhouse agriculture will be reached.