在“现实”与“现时主义”之间——19世纪迄今汉萨史研究中的政治关切

Between"Reality"and"Presentism"——Political Concerns in the Study of Hanseatic History from the 19th Century to Present

强烈的现实关怀是现代汉萨同盟史研究的一个突出特征。19世纪以来,在“政治先行”与“民族至上”的观念主导下,汉萨史研究游离于现实与“现时主义”之间:在浪漫时代回应着构建德意志民族认同和国家统一的政治现实;在帝国时代服务于铸造民族精神整体与争夺海洋霸权的内外目标;在极权时代迎合了纳粹“种族优越”与“生存空间”的扩张思维;在战后和解时代又回应着联邦德国融入欧洲和区域联合的外交战略。这种立足现实的历史书写延续至今,并推动了20世纪汉萨史研究的三重转向。回顾汉萨学术史可知,只有在现实关怀与现时主义间保持清醒和距离,才能切实捍卫历史真相与正义,正向激发史家的问题意识和创新思维。

The strong concern for reality is a prominent feature of the historical study about Hanseatic League in the modern times.Since the 19th century,under the guidance of the concept of"politics first"and"national supremacy",Hanseatic historical study has drifted between reality and"presentism":In the romantic era,it responded to the political reality of constructing German national identity and state unity;in the imperial era,it served the internal and external objectives of casting the national spirit as a whole and competing for maritime hegemony;in the totalitarian era,it catered to the Nazi's expansion of"racial superiority"and theory of"Lebensraum";in the post-WWII.era,it responded to the foreign strategy of the Federal Republic of Germany to integrate into Europe and regional alliances.The paradigm of historical writing based on reality has continued today,and induced the triple turns of the study of Hanseatic history in the 20th century.Looking the Hanseatic academic history back,we can see that only by keeping a clear and distant attitude between realistic concerns and presentism can we defend historical truth and justice,and stimulate historians'problem awareness and innovative thinking effectively.