建设灾害韧性城市:全球五座城市韧性相关政策与地方实践比较研究

Towards Hazard-Resilience Cities:Comparative Research on Resilience-related Policies and Local Practices in Five Cities Worldwide

本研究通过对全球五个典型城市——南非开普敦、英国大曼彻斯特地区、中国长沙和汶川,以及波多黎各圣胡安市——的韧性相关政策和地方实践进行比较分析,探讨了向灾害韧性城市转型的途径。通过构建社会-环境系统下覆盖七个相互关联的维度的概念性框架,本文系统梳理了这些城市在政策文件和地方实践中如何感知灾害风险和处理韧性问题。通过横向对比政策文件,城市间的不同韧性策略得以展现:开普敦采用多种节水措施,通过提高水韧性来应对干旱;大曼彻斯特地区在灾害风险减少方面较为重视人和组织机构的影响与作用;长沙和汶川优先考虑特定的灾害响应措施,而圣胡安市则通过多方面行动来应对环境和社会经济挑战。通过梳理各城市的地方实践,本文展示了当地居民自下而上提升韧性的有效性,相关案例包括开普敦的家庭钻井和长沙的社区参与。然而,整体而言,各城市对文化/世界观维度和城乡空间维度考虑不足。弥合这一差距对于有效的风险管理和灾后恢复至关重要。本文强调应当将政策制定与地方实践相结合,并呼吁优先考虑具有针对性的灾后恢复计划,加强对城乡空间维度的投入。总体上,本研究为构建灾害韧性城市提供了宝贵思路,为城市政策制定者和规划者提供了应对未来挑战和提升城市韧性的基础。

This study provides a comparative analysis of the journey toward hazard-resilience by examining the resilience-related policies and local practices in five exemplary cities worldwide:Cape Town(South Africa),Greater Manchester(UK),Changsha and Wenchuan(China),and San Juan City(Puerto Rico).Through a conceptual framework encompassing seven interrelated dimensions of the social-environmental system,this paper delves into how hazard risk is perceived and resilience is approached in both policy documents and local practices.Policy reviews reveal distinct strategies among cities.Cape Town employs diverse water-saving measures,addressing drought through water resilience.Greater Manchester focuses on human and organizational aspects in disaster risk reduction.Changsha and Wenchuan prioritize specific disaster response measures,while San Juan tackles environmental and socio-economic challenges through multidimensional actions.Local practices illustrate the effectiveness of bottom-up resilience enhancement,with examples including home dilling in Cape Town and community engagement in Changsha.Despite these efforts,there is a common trend across cities of limited consideration for cultural/worldviews and urban-rural-spatial dimensions.Bridging this gap is crucial for effective risk management and disaster recovery.This study underscores the importance of aligning policy formulation with local practices,prioritizing targeted recovery plans,and expanding considerations to include the urban-rural-spatial dimension.Overall,this research contributes valuable insights to the development of hazard-resilient cities,offering policymakers and planners a foundation to prepare cities for future challenges and foster urban resilience.