农村集体经济组织股权继承规则构建——以反思现行地方试点模式为切入点

The Construction of Equity Inheritance Rules for Rural Collective Economic Organizations——Taking the Current Local Pilot Models as a Point of Reflection

农村集体经济组织股权继承规则的构建,关涉农村集体经济组织成员的切身权益与农村集体经济组织的长远发展。可将以贯彻中央“赋予农民对集体资产股份……继承权”“组织实施好赋予农民对集体资产股份……继承权改革试点”等要求的农村集体经济组织股权地方制度试点,归纳为特殊调整与一般适用两种模式。两种模式均有其理据,但也存在与集体所有权本质要求不尽契合之处。应坚持“有限继承论”的立场,内部体系应依据集体所有权本质属性的底线要求,认可继承能够作为成员资格取得的事实依据,但所取得股权之权能,应由集体与继承人协商确定,协商不成的,由集体成员大会或代表大会表决确定;继承人扩张限度为县域内的农民非集体成员;严格限制继承人继承份额;股权变动应采取登记对抗主义。外部体系应协调好其与继承法一般规定的适用关系,删除若干试点规则。

Following the Decision made at the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee,which proposes granting farmers the right to inherit collective assets shares,the CPC Central Committee and the State Council issued the Opinions on Reforming Collective Property Rights,urging local government to organize and implement pilot reforms of the system of farmers'right to inherit collective asset shares.Local trials for rural collective economic organizations'equity systems can be summarized into two models:“generally applicable”and“specially adjusted”.The generally applicable model neglects the unique requirements of collective ownership for inheriting equity and applies rules of inheritance law inappropriately.The convergence of content in the specially adjusted model violates pilot requirements for diversity;it has a slightly poorer connection and coordination with inheritance law;and some of its provisions do not fully align with collective ownership as a membership right.To draw on local institutional practices and overcome their drawbacks,this paper suggests using the theory of internal and external legal systems as the fundamental guiding principle for rule design.The internal system must adhere to the essential natures of collective ownership,taking farmers as the constituent members,respecting the autonomy of collective members,and upholding the basic fairness of collective ownership.Inheritance can serve as a factual basis for acquiring membership,but rights associated with acquired shares should be determined through negotiation between the collective and the inheritor.In the case of unsuccessful negotiation,the matter should be decided by a vote by the collective members'assembly or representative assembly.The expansion of scope of inheritance should be limited to non-collective-member farmers farmers within a county.Strict restrictions should be imposed on the heir's inheritance shares and a registration-based approach should be taken for the change of share ownership.The external system should clarify special rules based on the legal attributes of equity inheritance and coordinate appropriately with general inheritance law.The specially adjusted model should delete provisions related to inheritance methods,the exercise of rights by individuals lacking capacity,and the handling of equity in cases of no rightful inheritor.Grounded in the essential nature of collective ownership,rural collective economic organization equity shares similarities with other rights,providing potential for further expansion in applicability.Based on the essence of collective ownership,share ownership in rural collective economic organizations should be treated the same as such rights as land use,contracted management,and collective income distribution,despite their apparent differences.The insights presented in this paper,based on upholding the essential bottom line of collective ownership,have the potential of applying to the inheritance of such rights as land use and contracted management,which are part of collective benefits.