宋元明时期徽州的佃仆制及其变化——以富溪程氏与坟仆刘姓为中心的考察

Huizhou Tenant System and Its Changes in Song,Yuan and Ming Dynasties--Focus on the Cheng Clan in Fuxi and the Tenant Liu Family

徽州佃仆制于明清时期尤为盛行,但其历史可以追溯到宋元时代。宋元时期,徽州佃仆制已具“种主田、住主屋、葬主山”特征,明清两朝代代相承;主仆间的人身关系较为牢固,入明之后冲突时有发生,甚至出现“悖逆计脱”现象,但能得到及时维护和一再加固;主仆间的经济关系比较稳定,但自明初种主田纳粮由佃仆“自行输纳”调整为“附产解官”,不断趋于强化;佃仆拥有自己的经济,但独立发展较为艰难;置仆守坟曾与招僧守坟一并流行,坟仆当属各类佃仆中较为古老的一种,且一直延续到民国时期。宋元时期徽州佃仆制已相当成熟,入明以降,徽州佃仆制在总体承袭宋元时期的基础上有所变化,不断趋于完备和强化。

Huizhou tenant system prevailed in the Ming and Qing Dynasties,but its history can be traced back to the Song and Yuan Dynasties.During the Song and Yuan Dynasties,it had the characteristics of"planting fields,living houses and burying mountains",which was inherited from the Ming and Qing Dynasties.The personal relationship between master and servant is relatively strong.After entering the Ming Dynasty,conflicts often occur,but the relationship can be maintained and reinforced in time.The economic relationship between master and servant is relatively stable and tends to be strengthened.The tenants have their own economy,but it is difficult to develop independently.Tenants are relatively old,which lasted until the period of the Republic of China.Huizhou tenant system was quite mature in the song and Yuan Dynasties.After entering the Ming Dynasty,it changed on the basis of the overall inheritance of the Song and Yuan Dynasties,and constantly tended to be complete and strengthened.