关于明清时期桂西土司地区城头组织的考察

Investigation of the Chengtou Organization in the Western Guangxi Tusi Region in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

明代桂西地区田州和思恩府土司地区普遍设立城头组织,存续至清末民国。城头组织与赋役制度密切配合,使土司能够有效地征派赋税和差。土司辖区内的“边缘”群体不断被吸纳到城头组织当中,不同地域和群体之间的经济、文化差异逐渐缩小,社会整合程度越来越高。明代田州和思恩府的城头组织除了赋役征派的功能外,还具有突出的军事功能。到了清代,城头组织的军事功能逐渐褪去,赋役征派功能更加突出,其运作方式越来越类似于流官地区的“里(图)甲”。

In the western Guangxi in the Ming Dynasty,Tianzhou(田州)and Sien(思恩)Tusi bothgenerally establish Chengtou(城头)organizations,and these organizations continued until theend of theQing Dynasty and the Republic of China.The close cooperation of ChengtouOrganization and taxtation system made it possible for the Tusi to levy taxes and corvee effectively.The“marginal”groups in Tusi area are constantly absorbed into the Chengtou organizations,theeconomic and cultural differences between different regions and groups were gradually narrowed,and the degree of social integration was getting higher and higher.In addition to the functions oflevying taxes and corvee,the Chengtou organizations of Tianzhou and Sien in the Ming Dynastyalso had prominent military functions.In the Qing Dynasty,the military function of Chengtouorganizations gradually faded away,and the function of levying taxes andcorvee became moreprominent,its operation mode was more and more similar to the“Li(Tu)Jia”of general official-governed region.