福建“海岛请垦”与乾隆朝海疆治理实践

“Islands Reclamation”of Fujian and the Practice of Maritime Governance in the Qianlong Period

雍正至乾隆年间,福建地方借开垦升科为名上奏中央请求开辟外洋禁岛,均以失败告终。乾隆君臣的考虑,一方面出于抑制海洋资源的私有化和商业化,避免资本之家发展壮大,进而威胁海疆安全;另一方面为保证濒海贫民生计,避免其“链而走险”。坚持继续禁岛的地方官提出,“禁岛附近洋面仍公诸贫民”,该方案将中央禁令与地方实态之间的巨大落差转化为统治者易于接受的制度性安排,在政策上为外洋海岛开发打开一道口子。

During the Y ongzheng and Qianlong periods,Local Fujian officials requested the central government to open up forbidden islands along the coast in the name of reclamation and increase taxes,but failed.In Qianlong Emperor and the Ministers'consideration,on the one hand,to inhibit the privatization and commercialization of marine resources,prevent the development and growth of rich families that might threaten the maritime safety;on the other hand,to ensure the livelihoods of the poor and avoid them from“risk danger in desperation”.The local officials who insisted on banning the island,suggested that the ocean near the forbidden islands should remain open to the:poor.The huge gap between the central ban and the local circumstances was transformed into an institutional arrangement that was easily accepted by the Emperor,and opened a slit in policy for the development of the forbidden island.