责任伦理的基础问题:什么是归责?

A Fundamental Question for the Ethics of Responsibility:What Is Imputation?

以往少有研究专门考察“什么是归责”这一责任伦理的基础问题,但回答这个问题对探讨归责条件、考察具体归责实践具有重要意义。结合道德语言的意义探讨归责判断的意义,可以发现,归责是一个中性概念,它既包括归功,也包括归答,指的是将某个或某些行为归因于行为者,并根据一定的道德或法律规范对行为与行为者的功与过进行评判或裁决。一般地,归责可以划分为两个层次:事实归责与规范性归责。事实归责关注行为者是否自由地做出了某一行为,这一行为事实上是否可以归因于他。事实归责是进行规范性归责的基础和前提。规范性归责关注行为与道德规范或法律规范的关系,包括道德归责与法律归责。

In the past,few scholars study a fundamental question for the ethics of responsibility——what is imputation?However,a clear answer to this question is important to explore the conditions for imputation as well as speific responsibility-ascribing activities.In this paper,I aim to clarify the meaning and level of imputation based on a study of the meaning of moral languages.As is shown,imputation is a neutral conception,which means to ascribe an action to the agent and to judge the merit or demerit of the agent based on specifie moral or legal norms.In general,two different levels of imputation can be distinguished,the factual level and the normative level.Factual imputation concerns whether an action is freely done and whether it can be ascribed to the agent in fact.Factual imputation is the basis and prerequisite of normative imputation.Normative imputation concerns the relationship between the action and moral or legal norms,which includes moral imputation and legal imputation.