苏东剧变后西方民粹主义政党的兴起及特征分析——基于政党政治的视角

An Analysis of the Rise and Characteristics of Western Populist Parties after the Drastic Changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe——From the Perspective of Party Politics

民粹主义政党的兴起是苏东剧变后西方政党政治演变的历史后果。苏东剧变后,伴随着社会民主党等左翼政党的蜕变和转向,西方主流政党在政治纲领、意识形态、阶级基础等方面日益趋同化,形成了一种新自由主义“共识政治”,并日益被国家所同化。西方政党政治由此陷入了三重危机,即合法性危机、组织危机和认同危机。2008年金融危机后,面对西方社会严重的经济和政治困境,丧失了政治职能的主流政党对此无能为力。主流政党的同质性与社会结构的异质性形成了尖锐的矛盾,成为西方民粹主义政党兴起的核心推动因素。

The rise of populist parties is the historical consequence of the evolution of Westerm party politics after the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.In the wake of the upheavals in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe,along with the transformation and reorientation of the Social Democratic Party and other left-wing parties,the mainstream political parties in the West became increasingly assimilated in terms of political programs,ideology,class base and so on,forming a kind of neoliberal"consensus politics"and being increasingly assimilated by the state.As a result,Western party politics has fallen into three crises,namely,legitimacy crisis,organization crisis and identity crisis.After the 2008 global financial crisis,mainstream Western political parties,which had lost their political functions,were powerless to respond to the severe economic and political difficulties in Western societies.The homogeneity of mainstream political parties and the heterogeneity of social structure have been caught in a sharp contradiction,which has become the core driving factor of the rise of populist political parties in the West.