汉语述字词初探

The Preliminary Exploration of Chinese Descriptive Words

汉语述字词是一种由对汉字的描述而形成的特殊词汇,根据其构成特点,我们将汉语述字词分为“某字+字+形”式、“某字+字+名词(语素)”式、“离散偏旁(或笔画)+某字”式、“某字局部特征+某字”式、离散偏旁式和谜语式等六种类型。汉语述字词构成成分之间的结构关系有偏正、同位、联合、动宾四种;构成成分之间的语义关系有属种关系、喻体与本体关系、部分与整体关系、零关系、使动与使动客体关系五种。汉语述字词的语法功能几近乎名词,常可作宾语、定语和主语,除此之外部分述字词还可以作状语。《现代汉语词典》第7版仅收录了“某字+字+名词(语素)”式述字词,其释义模式主要有“像……”、“比喻……”和无标记释义模式三种,应增收“国字脸”“十字绣”“之字路”等词。“离散偏旁”式述字词在秦汉时期就已出现,“离散偏旁(或笔画)+某字”式和谜语式在魏晋时期出现,“某字+字+形”式在唐宋时期产生,最晚出现的是“某字+字+名词(语素)”式和“某字局部特征+某字”式,直到明清时期才产生。

Chinese Descriptive Words are a kind of special vocabulary formed by the description of Chinese characters.According to its compositional characteristics,we classify Chinese Descriptive Words into six types,including“A specific character+character+shape”(某字+字+形),“A specific character+character+N(morpheme)”(某字+字+名词(语素)),“Disassembly of Chinese character(stroke)+a specific character”(离散偏旁(或笔画)+某字),“Local features of a specific character+a specific character”(某字局部特征+某字),“Disassembly of Chinese character”(离散偏旁式) and“Proverbial”(谜语式).There are four types of structural relations among the components of Chinese Descriptive words:adjective-noun,apposition,uniting,and verbobject.There are five types of semantic relations among their constituent components:generic,metaphorical and ontological,part-whole,null and causative and causative-object.The grammatical function of Chinese Descriptive Words is almost that of nouns.They can often be used as objects,attributives and subjects.In addition,some Descriptive Words can also be used as adverbials.The 7th edition of Modern Chinese Dictionary only includes“A specific character+character+N(morpheme)”(某字+字+名词(语素)) type of Descriptive Words,whose interpretive patterns mainly include“Xiang…”(像...),“trope..”(比喻...) nd the unmarked mode of interpretation.he words Guozilian(国字脸),Shizixiu(十字绣) and Zhizilu(之字路) etc.should be added to the 7th edition of Modern Chinese Dictionary.In these Descriptive Words,“Disassembly of Chinese character”(离散偏旁式) appeared in the Qin(秦) and Han(汉) Dynasties.“Disassembly of Chinese character(stroke)+a specific character”(离散偏旁(或笔画)+某字) and“Proverbial”(谜语式) appeared in the Wei(魏) and Jin(晋)Dynasties,and“A specific character+character+shape”(某字+字+形) appeared in the Tang(唐) and Song(宋)Dynasties.The latest to appear were“A specific character+character+N(morpheme)”(某字+字+名词(语素))and“Local features of a specific character+a specific character”(某字局部特征+某字),which did not appear until the Ming(明) and Qing(清) Dynasties.