合宪性审查的芬兰模式及其对我国的启示

Finland’s Constitutional Review Model and Its Inspiration for China

芬兰的合宪性审查体系主要以议会的宪法委员会的审查为核心,辅以法院实施的弱司法审查,形成了一种混合模式。该宪法委员会性质上是一个普通且不具独立性的议会专门委员会,成员由普通议员构成,审查内容以立法草案的合宪性审查为主。法院依据《宪法》第106条“宪法优位”条款对议会立法进行弱司法审查,审查必须遵循合宪性推定、冲突明显以及不得宣布立法违宪等原则。该模式对我国当前在合宪性审查制度建构中如何找准宪法与法律委员会的定位,以及如何充分发挥法院在合宪性审查中的作用都具有重大的启示意义。

Finland's constitutional review system mainly takes the review of the Constitutional Committee of the Parliament as the core,supplemented by the weak judicial review implemented by the courts,forming a mixed model.In nature,the Constitutional Committee is an ordinary and non-independent parliamentary special committee,its members are composed of ordinary members,and the main content of the review is the constitutional review of the draft legislation.The courts conduct a weak judicial review of the parliamentary legislation in accordance with Article 106 of the Constitution,“The primacy of the Constitution”.The review must follow the principles of presumption of constitutionality,obvious conflict and not declaring legislation unconstitutional.This model is of great enlightening significance to how to find the position of the Constitution and Law Committee in the construction of constitutional review system,and how to give full play to the role of the court in constitutional review.