社交媒体语境下新闻行动者网络的生成逻辑与实践创新

The Generating Logic and Innovative Practice of News Actor Network in the Context of Social Media

新闻行动者网络理论(NANT)是基于情境互动范式来解释和预测新闻行动者网络的关系建构及其互动实践机制的社会理论工具。NANT理论认为新闻行动者网络是一个复杂网络特性的等级圈层网络,该理论将动态的社会关系网络引入新闻实践系统,分析新闻行动者的协同实践及其对社会现实的多元意义建构。通过对ANT分析框架的批判性使用和延伸构建的NANT分析框架,可以解释数字新闻生态下新闻行动者网络的关系结构特征。通过对新闻行动者网络的基本概念、观点、假说和分析框架的探索,尝试为新闻创新实践提供一种新的理论分析工具。运用NANT理论来解释数字媒体语境下新闻行动者的生成逻辑,并将新闻生产各要素置于相对平行结构的社会网络语境中进行实践分析,为数字新闻生产研究提供了以动态的“关系连接”和“协商转译”为实践机制的分析框架。社交媒体的可供性为新闻行动者网络的生成与实践提供了恰适语境,NANT理论认为,在社交媒体语境下,机构媒体的生产实践已转型成为由专业新闻行动者和共生行动者因“触点”激活、连接互动生成的“招标小组”,经由招标人和承包人的转译协商、动员参与等行动流程实现多元行动者协同的新闻创作实践。基于NANT理论搭建的“NANT实践机制概念框架”,可用来分析社交媒体语境下突发事件报道中多元新闻行动者的关联行动、协同实践和用户参与。研究发现,社交媒体语境下新闻行动者网络的多元行动主体及其互动期待的异质性导致行动导向的不确定性,议题属性与行动目标在协商转译中不断迁移和重置,新闻行动者网络的互动关系决定了议题转译的强制通过点和转译方向。多元行动者与行动代理的协同实践深刻改变着数字新闻时代的新闻生态。技术媒介物协同专业新闻行动者的机构权威,通过信息流向设置将新闻由可验证的事实转译为可由多元行动者定义的知识和可分享的意义;共生新闻行动者通过参与实践建构身份认同,建立情感关联,共生新闻行动者的身份和情感诉求在行动参与中得以有限建构;而专业新闻行动者在新闻行动者网络的生成和实践中弹性地协商和维护其社会文化身份和专业身份;社交媒体语境下的新闻行动者网络呈现协同共生的“类平行”网络生态。

News actor network theory(NANT)is a theoretical approach adopted to explain and predict the generation,interaction and practice mechanism of news actor network based on the context interaction paradigm.NANT theory suggests that the news actor network is a hierarchical network with complex network characteristics.NANT introduces the dynamic social relation network into the news practice system to analyze the news actors collaborative practice and its multiple meaning construction of the social reality.With the critical adoption and extension of ANT analysis framework,NANT analysis framework can be constructed to explain the relationship structure characteristics of news actor network under the digital news ecology.This article attempts to provide a new theoretical analysis tool for the practice of news innovation by exploring the basic concepts,statements,hypotheses and analytical framework of news actor networks.NANT theory can be applied to explain the generation logic of news actors in the context of digital media.By setting the elements of news practice in a relatively parallel structure of social network context,NANT explores an analysis approach for digital news production with“dynamic connecting”and“negotiated translation”mechanism.The affordance of social media advocates the supply of a suitable context for the generation and practice analysis of news actor network.NANT theory believes that in the context of social media,the production practice of institutional media has been transformed into a“bidding group”mode generated by professional news actors and symbiotic actors activated by“touch points”for connection and interaction,conducting the news creation practice in which multiple actors collaborate by negotiated translation,mobilization and participation from the bidders and crowd actors.The“NANT practice mechanism conceptual framework”,built on the basis of NANT theory,can be used to analyze the connecting actions,collaborative practices and user engagement by multiple news actors with breaking news creation in social media.It is found that the diversity of actors in the news actor network and the heterogeneity of their interaction expectations in the context of social media lead to the uncertainty of action orientation.The attributes of issues and orientation of action are constantly transferred and reconstruct in the negotiated translation,and the interactive relationship of news actor network determines the Obligatory Passage Point and the translation direction of action network.The collaborative practice of multiple actors and actants agents has profoundly changed the news ecology in the era of digital news.Technological media works with the institutional authority of professional news actors to translate news from verifiable facts into knowledge and shareable meaning that can be defined by multiple actors through informa-tion flow settings.By participating in news practice,symbiotic news actors construct identity and emotional connection which can be limitedly constructed in their engagement.While professional news actors flexibly negotiate and maintain their socio-cultural identity and professional status in the generation and practice of news actor networks.The news actors network emerges a“quasi-parallel”network ecology of synergy and symbiosis in the context of social media.