人工智能如何影响劳动收入份额——基于产业结构与企业升级的机制探讨

How does AI Affect Labor Income Share?Based on the Mechanism of Industrial Structure and Enterprise Upgrading

作为一项重要技术变革,人工智能在推动产业智能化的同时,势必对劳动力市场的要素收入分配产生重要影响。本文基于偏向性技术进步理论,运用2010—2021年中国城市与企业层面面板数据,从系统性视角考察人工智能对劳动收入份额的宏微观影响机制。研究结果显示:(1)人工智能应用在宏微观层面均有利于劳动收入份额增加,该结论在经过工具变量法、机器学习法估计等一系列稳健性检验后依然成立。(2)宏观层面,人工智能可通过产业结构高级化增加劳动收入份额。(3)微观层面,人工智能可通过提高创新质量、创新效率与全要素生产率来增加劳动收入份额。(4)人工智能对劳动收入份额的积极影响在城市层面的高人口规模、高市场化水平、高劳动力保护强度、高劳动力技能水平及企业层面的高企业规模、高劳动力技能水平、低劳动要素密集度的样本中尤为明显。研究结论为我国在数智化浪潮中完善收入分配制度、实现共同富裕提供了有益启示。

Artificial intelligence,as a pivotal technological advancement,not only propels industrial intelligence but also inevitably has a profound influence on factor income distribution within the labor market.Based on the theory of technological progress,we use the panel data at the city and enterprise level in China from 2010 to 2021 to examine the macro and micro mechanisms mechanism of AI's impact on the share of labor income from a systematic perspective.The results of the study are as follows.(1)The implementation of AI favors an increase in the labor income share at both macro and micro levels,and this conclusion remains robust after employing instrumental variable methods,double difference approaches,and conducting a series of rigorous robustness tests.(2)At the macro level,AI can increase the share of labor income through the advancement of industrial structures.(3)At the micro level,AI facilitates enterprise transformation and upgrading,thereby boosting the labor income share through improvements in innovation quality,efficiency,and total factor productivity.(3)The promotion effect of AI on labor income share is particularly obvious in enterprises with high urban population size,high urban liberalization level,high urban labor protection level,high enterprise size,high enterprise labor skill structure,and low enterprise labor factor intensity.The conclusions of the study provide useful insights for China to enhance its income distribution system and realize shared prosperity in the era of digitalization.