信息视角下数据犯罪的前置化定位及其立法边界

On the Predicate Nature and Legislative Boundary of Data Offense from the Perspective of Information

数据犯罪理论研究混乱的根本原因系理论界难以抛弃“数据与信息概念混同”的路径依赖。以数据为信息的概念混同既不合乎既有法律,亦致使数据犯罪与信息犯罪之间的关系始终不明,在我国尚未建立数据犯罪体系的当下,数据犯罪相关研究也因此陷入相对混乱的境地。对此,应从考察数据犯罪的刑法定位着手,摒弃传统充实数据犯罪的法益内涵的研究惯性,转而通过数据与信息的客观属性与立法区分,得出“数据犯罪的刑法定位系信息犯罪的前置化”的逻辑结论。在此前提之下,可以进一步明确数据犯罪的保护法益应是数据的保密性、可用性、完整性,如此也可支撑数据犯罪体系建构的立法边界。具体而言,一方面,在进行相关数据犯罪立法时应考虑以下原则性要求:既将数据犯罪与计算机信息系统犯罪分离,并将其设置为抽象危险犯,又设置专门的刑法条文指引数据犯罪与其他犯罪的罪数判断问题;另一方面,立法新增的数据犯罪也应当控制在一定的范围之内,既要严格控制故意犯罪罪名设置的数量,又要排除处罚过失数据犯罪的行为。

The essential reason for the mess of theoretical research into data offense is that it is difficult for the theoretical circle to abandon the path dependence of“confusing concepts of data and information”.The concept confusing of data with information does not conform to the existing laws,and leads to the lack of clarity of the relationship between data offence and information offence,thus at this moment when China has not established the data offense system yet,the relevant research into data offense is relatively chaotic.In this regard,it is advisable to start with the review of nature of data offense in terms of the criminal law and abandon the traditional research convention that the first thing is to develop the connotation of legal interest of data of fense,and then to reach a logical conclusion that“the nature of data offence in terms of criminal law is that it is the predicate offence of information offence”through the distinguishing data and information in terms of objective attribute and legislation.Under this premise,it is feasible to further clarify that the legal interest of data offense should be the confidentiality,availability and integrity of data,which can also support the legislative boundary in building the data offense system.Specifically,on one hand,the following principled requirements should be considered at the time of legislating relevant data offense:separating data offense from computer information system offense and setting the former as an offense based on abstract danger,and setting up specialized texts in the criminal law to provide guidance on the determination of the number of offenses with data offence and other offence involved;On the other hand,the newly legislated data offenses should also be limited to a certain scope which means that it is imperative to not only strictly control the number of intentional crimes,but also exclude punishment for negligent act of data o ffence.