杜预对《春秋》政治合法性的重建——以《春秋左氏传序》为中心

Du Yu’s Reconstruction of the Political Legitimacy of the Spring and Autumn-Centered on The Preface of Zuo Zhuan

在《春秋》诠释史上,回应《春秋》的政治合法性问题成为构建新《春秋》诠释体系的基本前提。汉代公羊家董仲舒、何休等提出的孔子素王、《春秋》为汉制法等观点建立起《春秋》的政治合法性。晋代杜预虽然与他们一样主张《春秋》为孔子“制作之文”,但认为公羊家以上说法无异于以孔子为乱臣贼子,故杜预认为《春秋》非“天子之事”,而是史官之事,孔子“制作之本意”是要替代史官遵周公之志而修正鲁史。为证其说,杜预构设了《春秋》的三种存在形态:周德未衰时之《春秋》、周德已衰时之《春秋》及孔子之《春秋》。周德已衰时之《春秋》的出现构成孔子作《春秋》的必要条件。孔子之《春秋》与周德未衰时之《春秋》同遵周公之制,具有相同属性,因此,孔子之《春秋》在本质上是鲁史。杜预此举又出现两个问题:一是,据其将韩宣子所见鲁《春秋》视为“周之旧典礼经”,则周德未衰时之《春秋》与周德已衰时之《春秋》难以相容;二是,如其所述,史之策书皆君所命,因而孔子何以具有替代史官著史的政治合法性又成为其需要回答的一个问题。

In the history of interpretation of Spring and Autumn,responding to the political legitimacy of Spring and Autumn has become the basic premise of constructing a new interpretation system of Spring and Autumn In the Han Dynasty,in order to solve this problem,Dong Zhongshu put forward the view that Confucius was the uncrowned king,and he Xiu put forward the view that the Spring and Autumn was a book to formulate the method of governing the country for the Han Dynasty.Although Du Yu also advocated that the Spring and Autumn was a book created by Confucius,he believed that Gongyang scholars`statements were tantamount to describing Confucius as a rebel.Therefore,he put forward such a view:the Spring and Autumnis only a historical book written by Confucius,which has nothing to do with the Emperor`s handling of national affairs.In order to prove his point of view,Du Yu constructed three forms of Spring and Autumn:Spring and Autumn in the period when the morality of the Zhou Dynasty has not yet declined,Spring and Autumn in the period when the morality of the Zhou Dynasty has declined,and Spring and Autumn by Confucius.The emergence of the second kind of the Spring and Autumn constituted a necessary condition for Confucius to write the Spring and Autumn,and the Spring and Autumn created by Confucius has the same attribute as the first Spring and Autumn.Therefore,Confucius’Spring and Autumn is essentially a historical book.Du Yu constructed three forms of Spring and Autumn,trying to reconstruct the political legitimacy of Spring and Autumn by changing its nature.However,on the one hand,according to his view that the Spring and Autumn of Lu seen by Han Xuanzi is regarded as the classics of rites in the Zhou Dynasty,the above-mentioned two kinds of Spring and Autumn are difficult to be compatible.On the other hand,as he pointed out,historical records are all in accordance with the orders of the monarch.Therefore,why Confucius has the political legitimacy to replace historians in writing history has become a question he needs to answer.