面向柔性超级电容器的凝胶电解质研究进展

Research Progress in Gel Electrolytes for Flexible Supercapacitors

柔性超级电容器卓越的功率密度和柔性应用能力与可穿戴设备对柔性电源的紧迫需求相吻合,同时具备较大的能量密度提升潜力,使其受到了广泛关注。将水、有机液体、离子液体和导电离子等溶入三维聚合物网络构建导电凝胶作为电解质,不仅简化了柔性超级电容器结构,还通过引入多样的交联方式和合成材料进一步提升其性能,已成为近年备受瞩目的研究方向。本文深入分析并总结了凝胶电解质应用于柔性超级电容器的独特优势及其关键性能优化的方法,包括:调控导电离子含量及传输路径以提高离子电导率;采用双重物理交联和模板化合成策略调节凝胶网络结构以改善机械性能;引入有机液体、离子液体等溶剂限制冰晶形成,从而拓宽工作温度范围。然而,凝胶电解质在柔性超级电容器应用中仍然面临一系列挑战,包括生物相容性不足、电极/电解质界面兼容性弱以及合成材料的环保性不佳。未来研究需进一步解决上述问题,以实现凝胶电解质在柔性超级电容器中的高效应用。

Flexible supercapacitors have received a lot of attention due to their exceptional power density and flexible application capabilities that match the urgent need for flexible power sources in wearable devices,as well as their large potential for energy density.Dissolving water,organic liquids,ionic liquids,and conductive ions into a three-dimensional polymer network to create a conductive gel as an electrolyte not only simplifies the structure of flexible supercapacitors,but also enhances their performance by introducing various cross-linking methods and synthetic materials,which has become a prominent research direction in recent years.This paper provides a comprehensive analysis and summary of the distinct benefits of using gel electrolytes for flexible supercapacitors and optimizing their key characteristics,including:modulation of conductive ion content and transport paths to enhance ionic conductivity,using dual physical cross-linking and template synthesis strategies to modify the gel network structure and improve mechanical properties,and introducing solvents such as organic liquids and ionic liquids to restrict the formation of ice crystals,thereby expanding the operating temperature range.However,gel electrolytes still face several challenges in flexible supercapacitor applications.These challenges include inadequate biocompatibility,weak electrode/electrolyte interface compatibility,and the limited environmental friendliness of synthetic materials.Future research needs to further address the above issues to achieve the efficient application of gel electrolytes in flexible supercapacitors.