国外侦查询问中增强证人回忆技术的发展及启示

The Dynamics and Implications of Witness Memory Enhancement Technique in Foreign Police Interrogation

回忆是侦查询问的一个基本环节。高质量的侦查乃至诉讼活动均离不开证人对案件事实准确、全面的回忆。然而,侦查人员必须面对的一个现实是:人类的记忆具有脆弱性。尽管自由回忆有利于提升证人对案件事实陈述的准确性,但是仅凭证人个人努力所回忆的信息,无法满足侦查需要。在协助证人回忆的过程中,如何巧妙给出记忆提取线索以增强记忆且避免信息污染,是提升侦查人员询问技巧的一大挑战。尽管认知询问的相关组件能够满足证人记忆“无损”增强的原则,但是,随着时间的推移,其在实践应用中的局限性也日益凸显。近年来,国外相关文献中涌现了大量关于增强证人回忆技术的前沿成果,包括模型陈述、时间线、自我管理访谈、类别聚类以及画图等。这些新技术不仅是对认知询问技术的继承、发展和有益的补充,而且还丰富和扩展了增强证人回忆技术在侦查询问中的应用场景。为此,本文总结并梳理国外在增强证人回忆方面的前沿研究成果。适当借鉴这些成果有助于丰富和完善我国侦查询问的基本理论,提升实务部门的侦查询问水平。

As a basic part of police interrogation,a witness's memory of the case facts is significant for high quality investigation and even litigation.However,the efforts of a witness alone cannot meet the needs of interrogation although his free recall is beneficial to the accuracy of case facts.In helping witnesses recall,how to balance the enhanced value of retrieval clues to memory and the risk of informational contamination is a challenge for police interrogation.In recent years,a large number of techniques for enhancing witness memory such as the Model Statement,the Timeline Technique,the Self-Administered Interview,Category Clustering Recall,and sketching have emerged in international policing practices.These are new developments from cognitive interview,and expand application scenarios of enhanced witness memory technology in interrogation.A systematic review and analysis of the literature can provide theoretical and practical references for police interrogation work in China.