乾隆时期督抚题调制度谫论

On the System of Governor General s Selection of Officials during the Qianlong Period

乾隆时期,清廷构建了较为完备的督抚题调制度,乾隆帝一方面出于地方治理的现实需求,在构建稳定制度体系的同时也给予督抚一定合理的运作空间,在一定程度上赋予了题调制度较大的弹性空间。另一方面,督抚题调权力的行使,也被置于吏部核查的制度之下,呈现出皇帝、督抚、吏部三者之间权力交织、相互博弈的政治格局。随着督抚用人环境日渐紧张,乾隆初期构建的相对有序的督抚题调制度也日渐被破坏,“率请捐复”“私下调署”之风愈演愈烈,成为清代后期地方督抚势力上升的一个重要诱因。

During the Qianlong period,the Qing court established a relatively complete system for selecting officials as governors.On the one hand,Emperor Qianlong,driven by the practical needs of local governance,not only built a stable institutional system,but also provided a certain amount of reasonable operating space for governors,which to some extent gave the system greater flexibility.The exercise of the power of selecting officials by the governor is also placed under the system of verification by the Ministry of Personnel,presenting a political pattern of power interweaving and interactive game among the emperor,governor,and the Ministry of Personnel.As the employment environment for governors became increasingly tense,the relatively orderly system of selecting officials for governors established in the early Qianlong period was also gradually disrupted.The trend of“leading to donations for restoration”and“privately transferring officials”became increasingly fierce,and became an important factor in the rise of local governors in the late Qing Dynasty.