农业资本化的“横向集中”与“纵向集中”:重新理解马克思和恰亚诺夫

Horizontal Concentration and Vertical Integration in Capitalist Agriculture: Re-interpreting Marx and Chayanov

资本化农业如何改造小农,是农政研究中最核心的问题。但在这个问题上最重要的两个理论——马克思主义和恰亚诺夫理论——都有不足:前者忽视了商业资本通过纵向一体化及各种商品关系对小农生产的资本化改造,以及在商品关系中发生的剩余价值的剥削,而后者则在微观层面忽视了劳动力商品化对小农家庭经济行为的改造。这两个理论恰好在这两点上分别对对方做了有益的补充。本文在重新批判地理解马克思主义和恰亚诺夫理论的基础上,将两条理论路线结合起来形成统一的理论框架,提出农业资本化的“横向集中”和“纵向集中”两条道路,并以当代中国农政变迁的实践来辅以阐述这两条道路所形成的多种资本改造小农农业生产及从小农家庭获取剩余的方式。

How capitalism transforms peasant farming is a central question in agrarian studies.The two most important theoretical perspectives on this question—Marxist and Chayanovian theories—both have limitations.The former overlooked how commercial capital can transform smallholders production through vertical integration and extract surplus from smallholders through commodity relations;the latter neglected how labor commodification transforms smallholders family economic behaviors.These two theories,however,complement each other on these two fronts.Through critically re-interpreting Marxist and Chayanovian theories,this paper offers a synthesis that integrates the two perspectives into a coherent theoretical framework and proposes that capitalist agriculture expands through both“horizontal concentration”and“vertical integration”.Using the experience of China s agrarian transition,this paper illustrates how these two dynamics gave rise to a variety of ways through which capital transforms smallholders family production and extracts surplus from them.