弗洛伊德的“自然”概念及其科学世界观

Freud's Concept of "Nature" and His Scientific Worldview

弗洛伊德的“性本能”概念既指人先天的、生理性的性欲,又指人先天的,伦理性的关系性欲求,它本质上内蕴生理与伦理的双重含义。弗洛伊德立足于退化论建构精神分析理论,但他的退化论不同于完全否定人的进化必然性的生物学退化论,而是在承认人具有必然的进化趋势的基础上建构的病理学理论。同时,他不将“退化”看作是纯粹生理性的,而认为它更可能是一种精神性的。“性本能的退化”是神经症病因解释的核心,弗洛伊德围绕此病理学概念从生理、心理和伦理的视角分析人的身内自然,试图建构起真正属于人的“自然”与“科学”概念,并在此基础上提出他的“科学世界观”,它与局限于身外自然或生物自然进行研究的“科学”概念存在本质差别。

Freud's concept of"sexual instinct"refers not only to the innate and physiological sexual desire,but also to the innate and ethical relational desire,which essentially has dual meanings of physiology and ethics.Freud constructed his psychoanalytic theory on degeneration,and it is not a kind of biological degeneration which completely denied the inevitability of human evolution,but a pathological theory constructed on the basis of admitting that human has an inevitable evolutionary trend.At the same time,he does not regard"degeneration"as purely physical,but rather believes that it is more likely to be spiritual."The degeneration of sexual instinct"is the core explanation of the cause of neurosis.Freud focused on this pathological concept to analyze human nature from the perspective of physiology,psychology and ethics,and tried to construct the concepts of"nature"and"science"truly belonging to human beings.On this basis,he put forward his"scientific world view",which is fundamentally different from the concept of"science"limited to the study of external nature or biological nature.