论清代茶叶对外贸易不同发展阶段的特点

Characteristics of Different Development Stages of Tea Foreign Trade in Qing Dynasty

清代茶叶外贸有其鲜明发展阶段与特点。1644—1719年初起阶段茶叶外贸的贸易区域、贸易方式、贸易结构、贸易地位、贸易主角与前代区别很大。1720—1840年,茶叶外贸进入发展阶段。此阶段茶叶外贸呈现茶叶世纪的开创、茶叶口岸减少、红茶贸易占优、茶叶走私盛行等特点。1841—1888年,为茶叶外贸的繁荣阶段。此阶段茶叶外贸表现出洋商从抢购到观望、茶叶价格不断下跌、茶叶价值日益减少、茶叶市场危机初现等特点。1889年后,茶叶贸易进入衰落阶段。此阶段茶叶外贸表现出市场危机全面爆发、砖茶销量大大增加、茶叶贸易地位再降、市场竞争呈白热化等特点。茶叶对外贸易的发展阶段是当时社会历史条件决定的,体现了鲜明的时代特色。

The tea foreign trade in Qing Dynasty had its distinct development stages and characteristics.From 1644 to the early 1719,the tea foreign trade was quite different from its predecessors in terms of region,mode,structure and status.From 1720 to 1840,the tea foreign trade entered the development stage.At this stage,the tea foreign trade exhibited characteristics such as the initiation of the tea century,a decrease in tea ports,the dominance of black tea trade,widespread tea smuggling and so on.From 1841 to 1888,it was the prosperous stage of tea foreign trade,in which tea foreign trade was characterized by the change from foreign merchants’rushing to purchase to their wait-and-see attitude,the falling price of tea,the decreasing value of tea and the crisis of tea market.After 1889,the tea trade entered the decline stage.At this stage,the tea foreign trade was characterized by the outbreak of market crisis,the increase of brick tea sales,the further decline of tea trade status,and the intensified market competition.The development stage of tea foreign trade was decided by the social and historical conditions at that time,which reflected the distinctive characteristics of the times.