先秦纳言、献诗以谏制度与“采诗观风”话语的形成

Collect Comments and Sing to Suggestions with the Formation of Collecting Folk Songs toObserve Folk in the Pre-Qin Dynasty

周代出纳言制度渗透着周代行政职官体系,是民间音乐性言说被大量采集,进入官方礼乐系统的基础。出纳事人是承担出政令、纳民言这一普遍性职责者的统称,在履行职能的过程中会采集讴、歌、谣、诵等音乐性言说。周共王时,出纳事人正式承担谏诤的责任。在列者“献诗以谏”时,通过“语”的过程,音乐性言说被赋予或进一步明确其中关乎时政的褒贬意义,具备了“诗”的谏诤作用。“献诗以谏”在周王室衰败的两周之际走向兴盛。纳言、谏诤制度的兴衰与《诗》的采集、编纂密切相关。“纳言”这一话语表述在周代的一以贯之与诗的谏诤目的是先秦史书不存“采诗观风”之说的根本原因。儒家根据学派传《诗》、习《诗》目的,将《尧典》的“敷言以奏”具体化至《诗》的采集,形成“采诗观风”话语。

The institution of Collect Comments permeates Zhou Dynasty administrative official system,which is the basis of folk musical speech,which has been collected in large quantities and entered the official ritual music system.During the reign of King Gong of Zhou,the official who undertook the duty of“collecting comments”undertook the duty of suggestion.Through the interpretation of,the official at the court gives the speech positive or negative meaning.Sing to Quotation flourished between the Eastern and Western Zhou dynasties.The rise and fall of the system of Collect Comments and Sing to Suggestions is closely related to the collection and compilation of Poems.The fundamental reason there is no such statement as“collecting folk songs to observe folk”is that there is a fixed statement as“collect comments”and the role of poetry.According to the purpose of inheriting and studying Book of Songs,Confucianism forms the discourse of“Collecting Folk Songs to Observe Folk”.