技术官僚与法国矿冶业生态安全治理制度的初创

Technocrats and the Establishment of Ecological Safety Management System of Mining and Metallurgy Industry in France

19世纪初,随着法国步入工业化的初期阶段,对矿产资源的需求急剧增长。矿山开采、矿石加工与冶炼活动给周边地区带来严重的生态环境与安全威胁。法兰西第一帝国于1810年颁布的《矿冶法》正式确认了国家对矿产资源的所有权以及开发特许权的授予方式,为国家规范矿冶活动奠定了基础。随后出台的《帝国矿业工程师团组织法》标志着技术官僚集团——矿业工程师团的诞生。作为矿政主管机关和矿冶业最高技术权威,帝国矿业团的核心中枢——矿务总委员会在环境风险评估,审议开矿和冶炼申请,以及安全卫生操作规程的制订、执行与监督等方面扮演了日益重要的角色。在优先满足工业需求的同时,矿务总委员会也会兼顾公共利益,因而与其他行政部门如省政府、林业署、路桥总委员会之间既有合作又有分歧。

In the early 19th century, as France entered the initial stages of industrialization, there was a sharp increase in demand for mineral resources, and mining, ore processing and smelting activities brought serious ecological environment and security threats to the surrounding areas. The“Mining Law” promulgated by the First French Empire in 1810 formally confirmed the state's ownership of mineral resources and the way of granting development concessions, which laid the foundation for the state to regulate mining and metallurgy activities. The subsequent “Organic Law of the Imperial Mining Engineers” marked the birth of the technocratic group, the Corps impérial des mines. As the mining administration authority and the highest technical authority in mining and metallurgy, the General Council of Mining (CGM) of the Corps impérial des mines plays an increasingly important role in environmental risk assessment, consideration of mining and smelting applications, and formulation, implementation and supervision of safety and health operating regulations. While giving priority to industrial needs, the General Council of Mines also takes into account the public interest, resulting in cooperation and disagreement with other administrative departments (provincial governments, forestry agencies, the General Council of Roads and Bridges).