田园隐喻下美国生态批评的发展

The Evolution of American Ecocriticism as Viewed Through the Lens of the Perspective of Pastoral Metaphor

美国生态批评由对自然写作中田园叙事的关注而起,发展至今已历经三个阶段。劳伦斯·布伊尔直接将美国文学称为“田园式”的。“田园”作为生态批评话语的起源,暗含多重意味,决定性地塑造着美国文学的批评指向。在对田园理想化的想象中,原始自然形态的荒野进入文学视野,美国人试图在荒野与文明的摇摆间找寻民族身份。但同时,“田园”作为一种被性别化的景观,在以男性凝视为核心的叙述中,掩盖的也是殖民的征服与环境的不公平分配。随着女性主义、后殖民主义和环境正义等被纳入生态批评视野,“复乐园”式的美国田园神话破灭,民族文学的边界进一步拓宽,根植于当地的“田园”风格面向更广阔的世界。

Since the 1960s, American ecocriticism has evolved through three stages, beginning with an emphasis on pastoral narratives in nature writing. “Pastoral”, as the origin of eco-critical discourse, carries multiple implications and has decisively shaped Within the idealized imagination of the pastoral, the wilderness in its primitive natural form enters the literary horizon, with Americans attempting to find national identity in the swing between wilderness and civilization. At the same time, however, “pastoral” as a gendered landscape, within narratives centered on male gaze, has also obscured the conquest of colonization and the unfair distribution of the environment. With the inclusion of feminism, postcolonialism and environmental justice in the scope of ecological criticism, the American pastoral myth of a “reclaimed paradise” has been shattered, national literary boundaries have been further expanded, and the locally rooted “pastoral” style has been oriented towards a broader world.