明清之际川藏道的兴起及在中央和西藏地方中的连接作用

The Rise of Sichuan-Tibet Road During the Ming and Qing Dynasties and its Role in the Connection Between the Central Government and the Local Government of Tibet

明清之际,川藏道逐渐兴起,并成为中央与西藏地方之间的重要连接纽带。除了中央政府的主动开拓,西藏地方也参与到了整个进程之中。自明中后期开始,大量藏族僧俗人员自川藏道前往内地朝贡,并将巨额茶叶、布匹、金银等物资带回西藏,这是“汉藏金桥”兴起的重要背景。当康区的白利土司阻断了川藏道时,以五世达赖喇嘛为首的西藏地方支持蒙古首领固始汗,攻灭了白利。清初,西藏地方与内地在川藏道东端打箭炉广泛开展贸易活动。康熙三十九年(1700)“西炉之役”与五十九年(1720)清军进藏驱逐准噶尔后,川藏道沿线多数地区逐渐纳入四川省管辖,清朝为保障道路畅通,以巨额茶叶与白银对西藏地方进行经济补贴。由川藏道的兴起及中央与西藏地方的互动,可以深刻理解该道成为双方连接纽带的原因,以及西藏地方牢固纳入中原政治体系的内在逻辑。

The Sichuan-Tibet Road gradually rose and became an important link between the central government and the local government of Tibet during the Ming and Qing dynasties.In addition to the central government's initiative to open the road,the local government of Tibet also participated in the whole process.Since the middle and late Ming Dynasty,a large number of Tibetan monks and laymen went to the inland taking the Sichuan-Tibet Road to pay tributes,and brought huge amounts of tea,cloth,gold and silver and other materials back to Tibet,which is an important background for the rise of the"Han-Tibet Golden Bridge".As the Beri Tusi(chieftain)in Kham blocked the Sichuan-Tibet Road,the local government of Tibet,led by the Fifth Dalai Lama with the sup-ported from the Mongol's Gushri Khan,defeated Beri.At the beginning of the Qing,Tibet's local government traded extensively with the inland in Dar-rtse-mdo at the eastern end of Sichuan-Tibet Road.After the"Battle of Xilu"in 1700,the Qing's army entered Tibet to expel the Dzungar army in 1720,and then most areas along the Sichuan-Tibet Road were gradually under the jurisdiction of Sichuan Province.In order to ensure the road clear,the Qing government provided economic subsidies to the local government of Tibet with huge amounts of tea and silver.From the rise of the Sichuan-Tibet Road and the interaction between the central government and the local government of Tibet,we can deeply understand the reasons why the road had become a link between two sides,as well as the internal logic of Tibet's solid integration into the political system of the Central Plains.