从出土文献看苯教占卜文化对唐代吐蕃社会的影响

An Study on the Influence of Bon Religion's Divination Culture on Tibetan Society during the Tang Dynasty Based on Unearthed Documents

学界对敦煌、西域出土的藏文占卜文献研究已有百年历史,以往成果更多集中在文献研究。藏文占卜文献反映出吐蕃社会曾盛行苯教占卜文化之史实,对此传统史籍中记载语焉不详。文章以出土的藏文占卜文献和考古史料为主要依据,全面考察唐代吐蕃社会占卜活动。研究发现吐蕃时期苯教占卜文化不仅曾盛行于吐蕃本土,而且广泛流传于敦煌、西域的吐蕃移民社会;吐蕃统治阶级笃信占卜,利用占卜掌握个人的性命安危与权势地位,乃至以占卜推动政权事务重要决策;底层庶民亦通过占卜解决日常生活问题;吐蕃占卜广泛而深刻地影响了时人的社会生活与精神世界。吐蕃卜者不仅传承和发扬苯教占卜文化,而且主动借鉴吸收中原术数文化,与本土文化融合;吐蕃占卜文化研究对阐释中华民族交往交流交融史具有重要价值。

The documentary research of the Tibetan divination based on the documents unearthed in Dunhuang and the western regions of China has a history of 100 years.The Tibetan divination documents reflects the histori-cal fact that the Tibetan society once practiced the divination culture of the Bon religion,which is not detailed in the traditional historical records.Based on the excavated Tibetan literature on divination and some other archaeo-logical historical materials,the article comprehensively examines the divination practiced in Tibetan society.It is found that the Bon's divination culture was not only prevalent in Tibet,but also widely spread in the migrated Tibetan communities in Dunhuang and the western regions.The ruling class of Tibet believed in divination,and utilized divination to deal with the safety and security of individuals and their status of power,and even to make important decisions of political affairs,while the commoners were also guided to their daily lives through divina-tion.Therefore,the Bon's divination had a wide and profound impact on the social life and spiritual world of the Tibetan people.The Tibetan diviners not only inherited and carried forward the Bon's divination culture,but also took the initiative to draw on and absorb the primitive numerology of the Central Plains of China,and fused it with the local culture to create a unique Tibetan divination culture.The study of the Tibetan divination culture is of great value in interpreting the history of the Chinese people's interaction and exchange.