马克思主义经典作家关于农民“革命性”的历史书写

Historical Writing of Peasant“Revolutionary”by Marxist Classic Writers

马克思主义经典作家对农民在革命过程中的作用和地位有着不同评价和态度。马克思恩格斯认为,农民私有观念根深蒂固,对土地的占有和保护过度执着,政治上缺乏主张且摇摆不定,容易被其他阶级利用,对农民“革命性”进行了初步探索。列宁认为,一方面,农民加入革命使“革命冲击力”增强,能够成为彻底的民主革命拥护者,对民主革命具有“革命性”作用;另一方面,农民因长时间受小资产阶级思想侵蚀影响,对社会主义缺乏政治认同感,在社会主义革命中存在对抗性。毛泽东对农民“革命”持肯定态度,他认为,在革命战争时期,农民作为中国社会的主要力量,是革命的主力军和无产阶级可靠的同盟军,其革命性主要体现为破坏旧世界,是否定性的因素;中华人民共和国成立后,农民是社会主义建设的主要力量,是民族工业发展的重要承担者,其革命性主要体现为建设新世界,是肯定性的因素。对农民“革命性”认识的转变,既源于他们各自所处的时代不同,面临的社会革命环境不同;又体现了实践和理论的发展,继承与创新的统一。对这一理论的演进脉络进行考察有重大的现实意义。

Marxist classic writers had different evaluations and attitudes on the role and status of peasants in the process of revolution.Marx and Engels made a preliminary exploration of the“revolution”of peasants,believing that peasants had a deep-rooted concept of private ownership,occupied and protected land excessively,lacked political opinions and swing,and were easy to be used by other classes.Lenin believed that on the one hand,peasants played a“revolutionary”role in the democratic revolution,because they joined the revolution to enhance the“revolutionary impact”,and they could become thorough supporters of the democratic revolution.On the other hand,the peasants were confrontational in the socialist revolution,because they had been invaded and spread by the petty bourgeoisie ideology for a long time,and lacked the political identity of socialism.Mao Zedong especially affirmed and emphasized the“revolutionary”of peasants,he believed that the revolutionary nature of the peasantry was mainly embodied in the destruction of the old world as a negating factor,the peasantry was the main force of the revolution and the reliable ally of the proletariat as the main force of Chinese society during the revolutionary war.And the revolutionary nature of the peasantry was mainly embodied in the construction of new world as a factor affirming advanced things,the peasantry was the main force of socialist construction and the important undertakers of national industrial development after the founding of New China.The change of the“revolutionary”evaluation of peasants was due to the different times they lived in and the different social revolutionary environment they faced.It also embodied the development of practice and theory,the unification of inheritance and innovation.It was of great practical significance to investigate this theory.