厄瓜多尔“美好生活”环境政策的实施困境——以杜雷诺社区为例

Dilemmas in the Implementation of the“Good Life”Environmental Policy in Ecuador—The Case of the Community of Durreno

厄瓜多尔在2008年宪法修正案中以“美好生活”为纲,赋予大自然以独立法律人格,这种做法在国际上较为先进。但是,宪法原则与原住民传统的“美好生活”理念存在差异,在实施过程中与原住民社区产生了冲突:政府主张引进石油公司,适度开发,将雨林地区纳入国家管辖;原住民主张保护环境,维持自治。面对石油开发对传统社区和自然环境的破坏,原住民进行了抗议,但最终,为了争取政治经济权利,融入现代国家,原住民向国家力量妥协,部分地修改了“美好生活”的意涵。本文从原住民与政府的互动关系出发,分析杜雷诺社区在石油开采问题上与政府和外国公司的冲突。该社区自20世纪60年代因石油开发进入国家体系以来,对石油开采从陌生到反抗,再到妥协与合作的转变,展现了“美好生活”理念在原住民传统中与宪法中的不同。本文通过分析原住民运动的背后逻辑及转变,揭示环境政策实施中另一主体的能动性和复杂性,为自然赋权行动提供镜鉴。

The Ecuadorian Constitution of 2008 enshrines the concept of“Good Life”and regards nature as a legal entity that can have rights,which is relatively advanced internationally.However,the difference between the constitutional principles and the traditional concept of“Good Life”of the indigenous people has caused conflicts in the process of implementation:the government advocates moderate extraction by petroleum companies and enhancement of state control over rainforest areas,while the indigenous people stand for the environment protection and autonomy.Indigenous people protested,but in the end,to gain political and economic rights and integrate into the state,they gave in to the state’s power and partially modified their definition of“Good Life”.This paper reviews the conflict between the Dureno people and the government and foreign companies over the issue of oil exploration with a highlight on the interaction between the indigenous people and the government.Since the community entered the national system in the 1960s as a result of oil development,its transformation from unfamiliarity to resistance,to compromise and cooperation,has shown how the idea of“Good Life”differs in aboriginal tradition and in the constitution.By analyzing the logic behind the indigenous movement and its transformation,this paper reveals the dynamics and complexities of another actor in the implementation of environmental policy and provides a mirror for nature empowerment initiatives.